Works presented

Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Míguez Fuentes, Sandra (Co-tutorships)
Constenla Vega, Javier (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Rabuñal Mosquera, Francisco J. (Chairman)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Secretary)
González-Carrero Fojón, Pablo Sócrates (Member)

Direction
LETE ACHIRICA, JAVIER (Tutorships)
Abeal Rodríguez, Juan J. (Co-tutorships)
Martín García, Ana María (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Río Otero, Araceli del (Chairman)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Secretary)
Gómez Rey, José (Member)

Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Suárez Losada, Ángel Luís (Co-tutorships)
Domelo Gómez, Marta (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Hospido Lobeiras, María Belén (Chairman)
CASTRO CORREDOIRA, MARIA (Secretary)
PANTIN REIGADA, ANGEL MANUEL (Member)

Direction
Miguez Macho, Luis (Tutorships)
Álvarez Fernández, Luís (Co-tutorships)
Sánchez Barreiro, Susana (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Bertolo García, Ulises (Chairman)
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Secretary)
RIVERA FRADE, MARIA DOLORES (Member)

Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Suárez Losada, Ángel Luís (Co-tutorships)
Domelo Gómez, Marta (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Hospido Lobeiras, María Belén (Chairman)
CASTRO CORREDOIRA, MARIA (Secretary)
PANTIN REIGADA, ANGEL MANUEL (Member)

Direction
Santiago Iglesias, Diana (Tutorships)
ZUÑIGA RIAL, GLORIA (Co-tutorships)
Sánchez Barreiro, Susana (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Bertolo García, Ulises (Chairman)
Miguez Macho, Luis (Secretary)
RIVERA FRADE, MARIA DOLORES (Member)

Summary
Conditions for the implementation of procurement procedures with negotiation

Direction
Santiago Iglesias, Diana (Tutorships)
Sánchez Barreiro, Susana (Co-tutorships)
ZUÑIGA RIAL, GLORIA (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Bertolo García, Ulises (Chairman)
Miguez Macho, Luis (Secretary)
RIVERA FRADE, MARIA DOLORES (Member)

Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Suárez Losada, Ángel Luís (Co-tutorships)
Domelo Gómez, Marta (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Hospido Lobeiras, María Belén (Chairman)
CASTRO CORREDOIRA, MARIA (Secretary)
PANTIN REIGADA, ANGEL MANUEL (Member)

Direction
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Tutorships)
Míguez Fuentes, Sandra (Co-tutorships)
MARTINEZ-OLIVARES GOMEZ, JOSE LUIS (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Rabuñal Mosquera, Francisco J. (Chairman)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Secretary)
González-Carrero Fojón, Pablo Sócrates (Member)

Direction
Miguez Macho, Luis (Tutorships)
Álvarez Fernández, Luís (Co-tutorships)
Sánchez Barreiro, Susana (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Bertolo García, Ulises (Chairman)
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Secretary)
RIVERA FRADE, MARIA DOLORES (Member)

Summary
This paper deals with Ukraine's internal and external dynamics in relation to its evolution as a state. Starting from the germ of its ethnic identity in the Kievan Rus, but devoting more attention to the period since its independence in the early 1990s. It attempts to analyse its internal political evolution, and how its relationship with other states on its periphery has influenced it. Emphasising its relationship with Russia, given Ukraine's long history as part of its territory. As well as the European Union, due to Ukraine's increased rapprochement with this international entity in recent years. And how these international dynamics have affected Ukraine's own identity map. With a population in Western Ukraine more sympathetic to a rapprochement with Europe, and to liberal and democratic ideas, and an Eastern Ukraine closer to traditional Russia. Feeling more identified with this state as ethnic neighbours, and a nation of great strength to rely on.

Direction
BALBOA LOPEZ, JESUS LEOPOLDO (Tutorships)

Court
BALBOA LOPEZ, JESUS LEOPOLDO (Student’s tutor)

Direction
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Tutorships)
Míguez Fuentes, Sandra (Co-tutorships)
MARTINEZ-OLIVARES GOMEZ, JOSE LUIS (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Rabuñal Mosquera, Francisco J. (Chairman)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Secretary)
González-Carrero Fojón, Pablo Sócrates (Member)

Direction
CASTRO CORREDOIRA, MARIA (Tutorships)
Suárez Losada, Ángel Luís (Co-tutorships)
Domelo Gómez, Marta (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Hospido Lobeiras, María Belén (Chairman)
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Secretary)
PANTIN REIGADA, ANGEL MANUEL (Member)

Direction
Miguez Macho, Luis (Tutorships)
Álvarez Fernández, Luís (Co-tutorships)
Sánchez Barreiro, Susana (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Bertolo García, Ulises (Chairman)
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Secretary)
RIVERA FRADE, MARIA DOLORES (Member)

Direction
LETE ACHIRICA, JAVIER (Tutorships)
Abeal Rodríguez, Juan J. (Co-tutorships)
Martín García, Ana María (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Río Otero, Araceli del (Chairman)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Secretary)
Gómez Rey, José (Member)

Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Míguez Fuentes, Sandra (Co-tutorships)
Constenla Vega, Javier (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Rabuñal Mosquera, Francisco J. (Chairman)
Fernández Albores, Miguel Ángel (Secretary)
González-Carrero Fojón, Pablo Sócrates (Member)

Summary
This paper aims to address the interconnection between Intellectual Property (IP), innovation and sustainable development (SD) in the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda. This topic would be relevant as it explores the extent to which IP could facilitate SD and foster the innovation needed to address the global challenges posed by the SDGs. The methodology employed includes a literature review on the concepts of economic growth, SD, innovation and IP, with a brief analysis of funding programmes, mainly from the European Union (EU). The main results of the paper suggest that IP would play a crucial role in fostering innovation, providing the necessary legal framework to protect and promote it, and consequently boosting SD. In addition, it would highlight the importance of public policies and funding programmes in the dynamisation of innovation as a strategic element for the achievement of the SDGs. The policy implications of this study would point to the need to strengthen IP systems and design public policies that foster investment, access to information, innovation diffusion, technology transfer and financing of innovative projects aligned with the SDGs.

Direction
RODIL MARZABAL, OSCAR (Tutorships)

Court
RODIL MARZABAL, OSCAR (Student’s tutor)

Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Míguez Fuentes, Sandra (Co-tutorships)
Constenla Vega, Javier (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Rabuñal Mosquera, Francisco J. (Chairman)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Secretary)
González-Carrero Fojón, Pablo Sócrates (Member)

Summary
The digital economy has transformed digital markets, giving rise to the so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution. This new model has led to a strong concentration of power in the hands of a few companies that control access to the most widely used platforms and networks. Sectors such as tourism, transportation, and commerce have been digitized, displacing traditional actors. Examples include platforms like Booking, Uber, and Amazon, which have replaced travel agencies, taxis, and physical bookstores, respectively. While this transformation has facilitated access to goods and services through digital devices, it has also raised concerns from a legislative standpoint. The excessive concentration of power in these platforms poses risks in terms of competition and data privacy, prompting legal experts to warn about potential dangers for consumers, professional users, and competing businesses. Some even argue that the lack of regulation in the digital economy could pose a threat to democracy and fundamental freedoms. In light of these challenges, this paper aims to analyze abuses in the digital economy through the study of relevant cases. It will explore the functioning of digital markets, anticompetitive behavior, and current regulatory limitations. Subsequently, the most emblematic cases related to major anticompetitive practices will be examined, with special attention to the Digital Markets Act (DMA). Finally, the importance of interoperability will be addressed as a tool to mitigate the effects of digital market concentration and to ensure a fairer environment for competition and consumers.

Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)

Court
Miguez Macho, Luis (Chairman)
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Secretary)
de Sousa Gonçalves, Anabela Susana (Member)

Direction
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Tutorships)
Míguez Gómez, Alberto (Co-tutorships)
Otero Rodríguez, Laura (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Quintela Miramontes, Ramón (Chairman)
GIL OTERO, LIDIA (Secretary)
Méndez Domínguez, Paula (Member)

Direction
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Tutorships)
Abeal Rodríguez, Juan J. (Co-tutorships)
Martín García, Ana María (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Río Otero, Araceli del (Chairman)
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Secretary)
Gómez Rey, José (Member)

Summary
This work offers a comparative analysis of the regulation of electronic contracting in the legal systems of Spain and Argentina. It begins by studying basic aspects such as the definition of electronic contracting, its characteristics, and classification. The study delves into the essential principles governing the matter, such as the functional equivalence of electronic acts, the non-modification of pre-existing law, good faith, and contractual freedom. It also addresses the global evolution of electronic contracting, with particular emphasis on the impact of information and communication technologies, the rise of the sharing economy, and digital platforms. Furthermore, the analysis identifies the advantages and disadvantages of this form of contracting. Regarding the specific legal framework, the analysis first examines European Union legislation, followed by the Spanish legal framework, and finally, the Argentine regulatory framework. The comparative analysis highlights the main differences and similarities between the two legal frameworks in terms of the formal requirements for the validity, proof and place of compliance of electronic contracts, pre-contractual obligations, authentication and signature systems, as well as data protection and consumer rights. Additionally, it explores the impact of these regulations on the cooperation and digital economy of both countries, emphasizing the regulatory challenges posed by cross-border e-commerce. Finally, its offers proposals for legislative harmonization between the two legal systems, aiming to facilitate commercial cooperation and ensure a secure and efficient legal environment for electronic contracting.

Direction
Miguez Macho, Luis (Tutorships)

Court
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Chairman)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Secretary)
Dias Meireles, Ana Isa (Member)

Summary
This paper aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the freedom of establishment as a fundamental principle of the European Union's legal framework, with a specific focus on its application in company law and the challenges that have arisen in this regard following the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union, known as Brexit. Our analysis is structured into five sections, each addressing both the theoretical and legal foundations of the concept, as well as the challenges and solutions emerging in this new context. We begin by examining the freedom of establishment as a central pillar of our study and of the Single Market, along with its codification within the EU legal system. We will focus on the meaning and practical implications of this concept, and how the Court of Justice of the European Union has played a key role in shaping its definition. Furthermore, we will explore the practical scope of this right through various cases brought before the Court, what its exercise entails, and how efforts have been made to codify it at the continental level. Next, we will delve into the historical background of the Single Market, which is essential for understanding the four freedoms, focusing on its basic functioning and the foundational principles that enable it. We will then analyze the historical and legal relationship between the UK and the EU, and how it has shaped the current legal realities of both sides. Particular emphasis will be placed on the UK's role in European legal development and how its distinct, more flexible legal system has positioned it advantageously in terms of legal innovation, investment attraction, and company formation. We will then discuss the emergence of the Brexit movement, its initial goals, and the eventual consequences for the Single Market, as well as the Trade and Cooperation Agreement that was ultimately reached. Afterward, we will address the issues arising from this situation, examining its impact on both companies and Member States, and reviewing the solutions that have been implemented. Finally, we will consider the future of the relationship between both parties and explore possible avenues for resolving the challenges related to the exercise of the freedom of establishment in the post-Brexit landscape.

Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)

Court
Miguez Macho, Luis (Chairman)
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Secretary)
Dias Meireles, Ana Isa (Member)

Direction
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Tutorships)
Míguez Gómez, Alberto (Co-tutorships)
Otero Rodríguez, Laura (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Quintela Miramontes, Ramón (Chairman)
GIL OTERO, LIDIA (Secretary)
Méndez Domínguez, Paula (Member)

Direction
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Tutorships)
Míguez Fuentes, Sandra (Co-tutorships)
MARTINEZ-OLIVARES GOMEZ, JOSE LUIS (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Rabuñal Mosquera, Francisco J. (Chairman)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Secretary)
González-Carrero Fojón, Pablo Sócrates (Member)

Direction
Miguez Macho, Luis (Tutorships)
Sánchez Barreiro, Susana (Co-tutorships)
álvarez fernández, Luis (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Bertolo García, Ulises (Chairman)
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Secretary)
Lorenzo Arceo, Laura (Member)

Direction
GIL OTERO, LIDIA (Tutorships)
Míguez Gómez, Alberto (Co-tutorships)
Otero Rodríguez, Laura (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Quintela Miramontes, Ramón (Chairman)
Munín García, Lara (Secretary)
Méndez Domínguez, Paula (Member)

Summary
Throughout this analysis, the rise of India as a current emerging power will be examined. A qualitative methodology will be used, primarily based on a bibliographic review of academic literature and the analysis of data from official sources. he study will explore the multitude of factors that currently shape India’s position in the international system. The research is based on the hypothesis that India will, within a relatively short period, cease to be considered a regional power and instead become a great power, that is, a state that holds a prominent place in the international order with significantly greater economic, military, and diplomatic weight than most other countries. To reach a conclusion on this matter, a wide range of dimensions will be analyzed. Some will be studied from a domestic perspective, including military, economic, and social aspects, while others will focus on the external sphere to assess India’s current standing in the international order, its influence, and its alliances. The objective, therefore, is to arrive at a deeper understanding of India’s present reality through the formulation of various research questions and hypotheses, thus enabling a grounded assessment of its potential future projection

Direction
PINTADO LOBATO, MONTSERRAT (Tutorships)

Court
PINTADO LOBATO, MONTSERRAT (Student’s tutor)

Direction
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
García Fernández, Javier (Co-tutorships)
Martín García, Ana María (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Río Otero, Araceli del (Chairman)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Secretary)
Gómez Rey, José (Member)

Summary
The following pages analyse the exceptional nature of the Advisory Opinions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights through a comparative approach with the advisory function of other international judicial bodies such as the ICJ, the ECtHR and the ADHP Court. Based on a dialectical and comparative methodological framework, it identifies the characteristics that distinguish the Advisory Opinions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, especially their extended active legitimation, their normative impact and, in particular, their meta-legal dimension. The study concludes that, although lacking binding force, the Advisory Opinions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights function as an auctoritas curiae praevalet, establishing highly influential interpretations that strengthen international standards and promote normative, social and political changes in member states. This analysis underlines the uniqueness of the Advisory Opinions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights as a key instrument for progressivity in the protection of human rights in the Americas. Translated with DeepL.com (free version)

Direction
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Tutorships)

Court
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Student’s tutor)

Direction
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Martín García, Ana (Co-tutorships)
García Fernández, Javier (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Río Otero, Araceli del (Chairman)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Secretary)
Gómez Rey, José (Member)

Summary
Fascism was a historical phenomenon that emerged in Europe during the interwar period and was defeated with the end of the Second World War. Nevertheless, despite the disappearance of fascist regimes, the study of this phenomenon, its national variants, as well as the movements founded around this ideology, continues to be a subject of debate and discussion in academic and political spheres. In this regard, the main objectives of the present work are the terminological review of the concept of fascism, the ideological comparison between Italian Fascism, German Nazism and Spanish Falangism, and, finally, the analysis of the evolution of international relations among these three ideological currents during the period between 1933 and 1945.

Direction
BALBOA LOPEZ, JESUS LEOPOLDO (Tutorships)

Court
BALBOA LOPEZ, JESUS LEOPOLDO (Student’s tutor)

Direction
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Tutorships)
Míguez Gómez, Alberto (Co-tutorships)
Otero Rodríguez, Laura (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Quintela Miramontes, Ramón (Chairman)
GIL OTERO, LIDIA (Secretary)
Méndez Domínguez, Paula (Member)

Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Suárez Losada, Ángel Luís (Co-tutorships)
Domelo Gómez, Marta (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Hospido Lobeiras, María Belén (Chairman)
CASTRO CORREDOIRA, MARIA (Secretary)
PANTIN REIGADA, ANGEL MANUEL (Member)

Direction
Santiago Iglesias, Diana (Tutorships)
Sánchez Barreiro, Susana (Co-tutorships)
ZUÑIGA RIAL, GLORIA (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Bertolo García, Ulises (Chairman)
Miguez Macho, Luis (Secretary)
RIVERA FRADE, MARIA DOLORES (Member)

Direction
Santiago Iglesias, Diana (Tutorships)
Sánchez Barreiro, Susana (Co-tutorships)
ZUÑIGA RIAL, GLORIA (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Bertolo García, Ulises (Chairman)
Miguez Macho, Luis (Secretary)
RIVERA FRADE, MARIA DOLORES (Member)

Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Míguez Fuentes, Sandra (Co-tutorships)
Constenla Vega, Javier (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Rabuñal Mosquera, Francisco J. (Chairman)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Secretary)
González-Carrero Fojón, Pablo Sócrates (Member)

Direction
CATALINA BENAVENTE, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Tutorships)
Prado Del Río, Luciano (Co-tutorships)
Domelo Gómez, Marta (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Hospido Lobeiras, María Belén (Chairman)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Secretary)
PANTIN REIGADA, ANGEL MANUEL (Member)

Direction
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Tutorships)
Míguez Gómez, Alberto (Co-tutorships)
Otero Rodríguez, Laura (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Quintela Miramontes, Ramón (Chairman)
GIL OTERO, LIDIA (Secretary)
Méndez Domínguez, Paula (Member)

Direction
CATALINA BENAVENTE, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Tutorships)
Prado Del Río, Luciano (Co-tutorships)
Domelo Gómez, Marta (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Hospido Lobeiras, María Belén (Chairman)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Secretary)
PANTIN REIGADA, ANGEL MANUEL (Member)

Direction
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
García Fernández, Javier (Co-tutorships)
Martín García, Ana María (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Río Otero, Araceli del (Chairman)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Secretary)
Gómez Rey, José (Member)

Direction
GIL OTERO, LIDIA (Tutorships)
Míguez Gómez, Alberto (Co-tutorships)
Otero Rodríguez, Laura (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Quintela Miramontes, Ramón (Chairman)
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Secretary)
Méndez Domínguez, Paula (Member)

Summary
This work will analyse AI and the digital transformation of the fundamental rights of older people in a context marked by demographic ageing. It will study the legal responsibility arising from the use of AI in geriatric settings, highlighting gaps in legislation regarding the damage caused by automated systems, emphasising the risks of algorithmic exclusion and the need to adapt current legislation. Similarly, the principle of non-discrimination on the basis of age will be examined, proposing ethical and inclusive governance that incorporates citizen participation to ensure transparency, equity and accountability. The digital transformation and its relationship with fundamental rights will also be explored, identifying opportunities and challenges in areas such as privacy, access to services and equality in technology. Finally, the legal characteristics of older people are addressed, emphasising the need for a specific legal approach to guarantee the rights of this vulnerable group. The study concludes that the proposed objectives have been achieved, providing a framework for reflection and concrete proposals for digitalisation that respects human dignity and social justice.

Direction
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Tutorships)

Court
Miguez Macho, Luis (Chairman)
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Secretary)
Dias Meireles, Ana Isa (Member)

Direction
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Tutorships)
Míguez Fuentes, Sandra (Co-tutorships)
MARTINEZ-OLIVARES GOMEZ, JOSE LUIS (Co-tutorships)

Court
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Coordinator)
Rabuñal Mosquera, Francisco J. (Chairman)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Secretary)
González-Carrero Fojón, Pablo Sócrates (Member)

Summary
This study explores the intersection of corporate social responsibility, global governance, and emerging technologies, with a particular focus on deceptive practices such as machine washing and greenwashing. In light of the green and digital transitions, the European Union (EU) aims to establish itself as a global leader through regulations like the EU Directive 2024/1689, which promotes the ethical and responsible use of artificial intelligence (AI). The research is structured into chapters that range from the theoretical foundations of corporate social responsibility to an in-depth analysis of the regulatory challenges presented by the implementation of AI in the private sector. It begins by tracing the evolution of corporate social responsibility, including key theories such as Freeman’s stakeholder theory, while emphasizing the shift toward contemporary frameworks that integrate sustainability and technology. The study also scrutinizes greenwashing and machine washing practices, identifying their similarities, differences, and their effects on public perception and the authenticity of corporate social responsibility strategies. At the heart of this analysis is an examination of the EU regulatory framework, particularly the Directive 2024/1689 and the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (Directive (UE) 2022/2464). The study assesses their effectiveness in mitigating deceptive practices within corporate settings. The findings reveal that although these regulations represent a significant advancement, there are still gaps that must be addressed to ensure a meaningful impact on ethical governance within organizations. Adopting qualitative methods, including bibliographic and documentary analysis, this research provides a robust foundation for evaluating how European regulations address the ethical challenges emerging from digital transformation. It concludes by highlighting the necessity of integrating transparency and sustainability into corporate strategies, not merely as a matter of regulatory compliance but as fundamental pillars for building trust and legitimacy in a globalized market. This comprehensive approach underscores the importance of ethical AI governance and the role of corporate social responsibility in promoting accountability and aligning corporate practices with social expectations.

Direction
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Tutorships)

Court
Miguez Macho, Luis (Chairman)
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Secretary)
de Sousa Gonçalves, Anabela Susana (Member)

Summary
This thesis analyzes the structural deficiencies of the Spanish legal framework on gender-based violence, particularly its limitation to violence within intimate partner relationships as defined by Organic Law 1/2004. Based on this diagnosis, it advocates for the urgent early transposition of Directive (EU) 2024/1385, which introduces a broad and structural definition of violence against women, aligned with international standards and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The study combines legal, doctrinal, and empirical analysis, and presents an innovative doctrinal contribution: the possibility of recognizing an early direct effect of those provisions of the Directive that meet the criteria of clarity, precision, and unconditionality. This would allow for the immediate extension of comprehensive protection to all women victims of gender-based violence, regardless of their relationship with the perpetrator, thereby avoiding the exclusionary and discriminatory effects of the current legal framework. Ultimately, the thesis advocates for an ambitious, structural, and coordinated reform of the Spanish system for the protection against gender-based violence, using the European Directive not merely as a formal requirement but as a real opportunity to guarantee equal and effective protection of fundamental rights.

Direction
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Tutorships)

Court
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Chairman)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ MANZANO, MARIA IRENE (Member)

Summary
Since the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982, sovereignty over maritime territories has gained increasing importance for states, not only due to the need to defend their territorial rights but also because of the presence of valuable economic and energy resources. However, the system of International Law related to maritime boundary delimitation has proven insufficient in effectively resolving territorial disputes, resulting in prolonged deadlock and various direct and indirect harms. This paper examines the territorial disputes between China and Japan over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands, as well as in the South China Sea, analyzing the development and the key aspects of the controversy. This analysis seeks to clarify the current limits of International Law regarding maritime delimitation, highlighting the ineffectiveness of existing regulation its biased interpretation by states in favor of their own interests, and the negative consequences this generates, such as the waste of resources and increased risk to maritime security.

Direction
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)

Court
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Student’s tutor)