Fundamentals of power and energy transfer equipments

After the study of this discipline the student must have knowledge of several aspects of renewables energies and energetic sustainability, especially on the principles and equipment used for heat and work transfer from the different resources, that is not approached in the Grade studies.
This discipline provides knowledge of thermodynamics and energy transfer (as heat and work) to the student, as well as energy balances of such systems. That allows the student to analyze and design the equipment commonly used in the field of energy, especially for renewable energy and energy efficiency.
First the students will learn the principles of thermodynamics to define a system, its energy and forms of energy, and the energy transfer by means of heat and work. Later, the students will learn the heat engines and thermodynamic cycles related to equipment that will be studied ahead and in other modules. The students will learn the equipment for energy transfer such as boilers, evaporators, vaporizers, refrigeration, furnaces, burners, among others. Besides they will learn equipment for work production, such as compressors, pumps and others. With this knowledge the students will learn the application of energy balances to an equipment or a combination of them in order to calculate energy needs for design and characterization. In the last part of the discipline the students will learn the mechanisms for heat transfer (conduction, convection, radiation), the equations governing them, and they will be applied to different equipment for heat transfer, with special attention to heat exchangers, their types, selection, calculation and design. Last, the students will learn what are co-generation systems and the design of different configurations.
The students will be able to recognize, calculate and design equipment and systems for energy transfer and their parts, also using energy efficiency criteria. Once finished the discipline, the students will have a basis of energy production and transformation to be used in disciplines of the following modules. In this discipline is not included electric work and the corresponding equipment.

BLOCK I. THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter I.1.
Introductory concepts. Definition of a thermodynamic system. Systems, states and processes. State variables. Reversible and irreversible processes. Types of equilibrium processes. State equations. Thermodynamic coefficients.

Chapter I.2.
Principles of Thermodynamics: Zero principle. Concept of temperature. Thermometry. The first principle. Internal energy. Mechanical work and heat. Enthalpy. The second principle. Thermal machines. Carnot theorem. Entropy. Entropy increment principle. Reversibility and production work. Gibbs free energy. Maximum useful work. Exergy.

Chapter I.3.
Ideal gases. Definition. Properties. Equations of isothermal and adiabatic processes. Thermodynamic study of fundamental processes in ideal gases: polytropic process.

Chapter I.4.
Thermal and refrigeration cycles. Thermal or power cycles: types. External combustion gas cycles: Stirling cycle. Internal combustion gas cycle: Otto, Diesel, Joule and Brayton cycles. Steam cycles: Rankine cycles. Cycles of direct conversion of heat into electrical energy. Cooling cycles. Examples.

BLOCK II. HEAT TRANSMISSION AND EQUIPMENT

Chapter II.1
Heat transmission. Basic Concepts Thermodynamics and heat transmission. Heat and other forms of energy. Heat transmission mechanisms: conduction, convection and radiation. Simultaneous heat transfer mechanisms.

Chapter II.2
Heat conduction One-dimensional heat conduction equation: Fourier's law. Steady and non-stationary state. General heat conduction equation. Boundary and initial conditions. Heat conduction in steady state. Heat conduction in unsteady regime

Chapter II.3
Fundamentals of convection Physical mechanism of convection. Types of flow. Kinetic and thermal boundary layers. Forced external convection. Classification of fluid flows. Velocity boundary layer. Thermal boundary layer. Laminar and turbulent flows. Transfer of heat and momentum in turbulent flow. Forced external convection. Forced internal convection. Natural convection.

Chapter II.4
Energy transfer equipment and systems Heat exchangers, equipment and design. Boilers and furnaces. Energy transfer systems. Co-generation systems.

Basic bibliography
- INCROPERA, F.P., DEWITT, D.P. 1999. Fundamentos de Transferencia de Calor. 4ª Ed. Mexico: Prentice Hall Hispanoamericana. ISBN: 970-17-0170-4 (español).
SIGNATURA: 80 40, A114 17, A114 17A, FIS 495, FIS 285

- ÇENGEL, Y.A. 2007. Transferencia de calor y masa: un enfoque práctico. 3ª ed. Madrid: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 9789701061732.
SIGNATURA: A114 12 1 y 2, A114 12A 1 y 2, A114 12B 1 y 2, A114 12C 1 y 2, 3 A05 135 1 y

- Fernández Pineda, Cristóbal. Introducción a la termodinámica. ES Sintesis 2010, 1 ed. E-book available in the USC Library (electronic books resources)

Complementary bibliography

H. B. Callen, Thermodynamics, Wiley, 1960.
M.W. Zemansky, R.H. Dittman, Calor y Termodinámica (6ª ed.), McGraw-Hill, 1994.
A. de Vos, Thermodynamics of solar energy conversion, Wiley-VCH, 2008.
R. W. Haywood, Equilibrium Thermodynamics: ("single-axiom" approach) for engineers and scientists, Krieger, 1992.
E. P. Gyftopoulos, G.P. Beretta, Thermodynamics: foundations and applications, Dover, 2005.
R. W. Haywood, Ciclos termodinámicos de potencia y refrigeración, Limusa, 2000.
V. A. Kirillin, V. V. Sichev, A. E. Sheindlin, Termodinámica Técnica, Mir, 1976.
R. Vichnievsky, Termodinámica Técnica, Labor, 1978.
Y.A. Çengel, Transferencia de calor y masa (3ª ed.), McGrawHill, 2007.
K.D. Hagen, Heat transfer with applications, Prentice Hall, 2000.

BASIC AND GENERAL
CG 09 Use of scientific bases in the field of renewable energies, sustainability and energy efficiency for comparison and selection of more efficient and more sustainable alternatives in different socio-economic contexts.
CG06 Deep knowledge of the current technologies and tools in the field of renewable energies, sustainability and climate change.
CB7 The students can apply the knowledge obtained and solving-problem capacity in new or little known environments, in wider contexts (or multi-disciplinary) related with the field of study.
CB8 The students can integrate knowledge to confront complexity to do an evaluation from incomplete or limited information, including reflections on social and ethical responsibilities linked to the application of their knowledge.
TRANSVERSAL
CT03 Capacity to work and take decisions under internal or external pressures, limitations of time and/or resources, showing leadership.
CT10 Capacity of analysis and synthesis
CT 13 Capacity to evaluate demands, needs and expectations of the market
CT15 Solve problems with initiative and creativity, using abilities acquired in the field of renewable energies assuming premises from sustainability and limited by climate change framework.
SPECIFIC
CE13 Make energy balances to determine yields and optimize energy processes both in processes and equipment, and to know the mechanisms of heat transfer and transformation.
CE15 To know different equipment for energy transfer and their functioning principles
CE17 To plan and manage energy and material resources for energies, in production and storage processes.

Theoretical lectures: Expositive lectures (using blackboard, computer, projection) completed with the virtual decency tools.
Seminars with professorship from the Master, solving problems interactively using the concepts from the theoretical classes.
Solution of practical problems (problems, tests, understanding and processing of information, evaluation of scientific articles, etc).
Individual and group tutorials.
Use of specialized software and the internet. On-line support for lecturing (Campus Virtual).
Personal study based on different information resources.
Different evaluations to verify the theoretical and practical knowledge and the abilities and skills.

Lectures: face-to-face master classes in the classroom, encouraging student intervention. Interactive classes:
- Seminars: mainly face-to-face; dedicated to the work of the student under the tutelage of the professor, to study in detail important aspects of the subject, and for the resolution of practical cases, problems and questions.
- Tutorials: for the follow-up of the group works carried out by the students and the personalized follow-up of the student; of a compulsory nature, they will be face to face in the classroom or online, using the virtual platforms available at USC and by e-mail.

Exam: 60%
Works/activities: 30%
Tutorials: 10%

The evaluation in the second opportunity will be based on the qualification of the examination and of the works (that will have to present during the course), and the assistance and participation, with the same weighting that in the first opportunity.
This distribution of activities will be maintained independently of the scenario.
For cases of fraudulent performance of exercises or tests, the provisions of the Regulations for the evaluation of students' academic performance and the review of grades will apply.
The evaluation of competences acquired will be as follows:
• Exam: CG09, CG06, CB7, CT13, CE13, CE15
• Works and activities: CG09, CB7, CB8, CT10, CT15, CE13
• Tutorials: CG09, CB8, CT03, CT13, CE17

For every training activity, the hours and the percentage of attendance is indicated.

Master classes 13.5h, 100%
Interactive teaching. Seminars 9h, 100%
Interactive teaching. Computer room 9h, 100%
Group tutoring 4.5h, 100%
Student personal work and other activities 76.5h, 0%

1. Constant study, following on a day basis the new knowledge from theoretical and interactive classes will be more effective and time optimization, with better use of the classroom.
2. Use of the bibliography recommended
3. Use of the individual tutorship and seminars to carry out the proposed problems.

The subject is taught in Galician and Spanish.

In cases of fraudulent completion of exercises or tests, the provisions of the Regulations for the Evaluation of Student Academic Performance and the Review of Grades will apply.