Veterinary Anatomy I

It is intended that the student acquire an adequate knowledge about the anatomical organization of domestic mammals using a systematic, comparative and topographic approach. Will learn the basics of Animal Anatomy oriented to clinical procedures, animal husbandry and food hygiene and alimentary industries requirements.

At the end of the course the student (measurable and evaluable learning achievements):
• Will know how to differentiate the locomotor apparatus, tegumentary and nervous systems, as well as the sense organs.
• Will be able to transfer to the living animal the anatomical knowledge acquired, to identify and locate the constituents of each of these systems.
• Will be able to correctly handle the basic surgical instruments -forceps, scissors, and scalpel- after performing a dissection based on the locomotor system.
• Will have come into contact with the texture and consistency of organic tissues: skin, fascia, muscles and tendons, bones and ligaments, lymph nodes, vessels and nerves.

THEORY: Thirty-seven 50-minute lectures and a group tutoring session at the beginning of the course.

LESSON 1. History and concept of Anatomy. Anatomical terms and planes. Body regions.
LESSON 2.-The locomotor system: its constituent parts. OSTEOLOGY. Introduction and general concepts. Constitution and types of bones. Main details of the bony surfaces.
LESSON 3.-Arthrology. Introduction and general concepts. Classification and basic features of each type of joints. Articular movements.
LESSON 4.- The skeleton: its constituent parts. The vertebral column. A model of vertebra. Vertebrae of each region: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal.
LESSON 5.-The thorax. Ribs, costal cartilages and sternum. Thoracic cage. Joints of the vertebral column and thorax.
LESSON 6.- Head skeleton: bones of the cranium and face.
LESSON 7.- Cranial and nasal cavities. Paranasal sinuses. Joints of the head.
LESSON 8.- Bones of the thoracic limb. Joints of the thoracic limb.
LESSON 9.- Bones of the pelvic limb. Joints of the pelvic limb.
LESSON 10.- MYOLOGY. Introduction and general concepts. Form and types of muscles. Accessory structures of the locomotor apparatus: fasciae, bursae and synovial tendon sheaths, fibrous sheaths, muscular trochleae.
LESSON 11.- Cutaneous muscles. Muscles of the head: facial musculature and muscles of the external ear. Muscles of mastication. Rectus and obliquus capitis muscles. Vessels and nerves.
LESSON 12.- Muscles of the neck. Deep and superficial systems. Muscles of the hyoid apparatus. Vessels and nerves.
LESSON 13.- Muscles of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Superficial and deep systems. Muscles of the tail. Vessels and nerves.
LESSON 14.- Muscles of the thorax: muscles of the pectoral and costal regions. Diaphragm. Muscles of the abdominal wall. Vessels and nerves.
LESSON 15.-Mucles of thoracic limb. Pectoral girdle and brachium. Antebrachium and hand.
LESSON 16.-Muscles of pelvic limb. Pelvic girdle. Thigh. Leg and foot.
LESSON 17.- Vessels and nerves of the thoracic and pelvic limbs.
LESSON 18.- THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Introduction and general concepts. Its constituent parts and structure.
LESSON 19.- The central nervous system. The spinal cord: macroscopic description.
LESSON 20.-The spinal nerves. Vessels of the spinal cord.
LESSON 21.- Encephalon. Myelencephalon, Metencephalon and Mesencephalon. Fourth ventricle. Cerebellum.
LESSON 22. The cranial nerves.
LESSON 23. The autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic and parasympathetic parts.
LESSON 24.- Diencephalon. Third ventricle.
LESSON 25.- Telencephalon. Lateral ventricles. Cerebral hemispheres. Corpus striatum. Neopallium.
LESSON 26.- Paleopallium and archipallium. Rhinencephalon. Vessels of the brain.
LESSON 27.- Protection of the central nervous system. Meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid.
LESSON 28.- THE SENSE ORGANS. Introduction and general concepts. Sensory receptors.
LESSON 29.- The organ of vision. Its constituent parts. The eyeball: tunics and content.
LESSON 30.- The adnexa of the eye. The muscles and fasciae of the eyeball. Eyelids. Conjunctiva. The lacrimal apparatus.
LESSON 31.- The vestibulocochlear organ. Its constituent parts. The external ear. The middle ear. Auditory tube.
LESSON 32.- The internal ear. Osseous and membranous labyrinths.
LESSON 33.- The olfactory organ. The vomeronasal organ. The gustatory organ. The cutaneous sense.
LESSON 34.-The common integument. Cutis: epidermis, dermis and subcutis. Hairs. Skin glands. The mammary gland.
LESSON 35.- Keratinized structures of the skin. Footpads: carpal, tarsal, metacarpal, metatarsal and digital pads. Horns.
LESSON 36.- Keratinized structures of the skin (continuation). Nail, claw and hoof.


Passive locomotor system (15 hours). Osteology and Arthrology. Comparative study of the bones in all body regions of carnivores and ungulates.
LB1. Vertebrae, ribs and sternum (3 hours).
LB2. Head (3 hours).
LB3. Thoracic limb (3 hours).
LB4. Pelvic limb (3 hours).
LB5. Review and assessment of the passive locomotor system (3 hours).

Study of the active locomotor system (22 hours) by dissection of muscles, vessels and nerves.
CL6 to CL9. Dissection of the thoracic limb and neck of a carnivore (2 hours x 4 sessions).
CL10. Review and evaluation of the work of the 2nd week (3 hours).
CL11 to CL14. Dissection of the pelvic limb of a carnivore (2 hours x 4 sessions).
CL15. Review and evaluation of the work of the 3rd week (3 hours).

Many of the suggested texts have been re-edited; whichever edition is useful for review. However, others are classical books, no longer reissued. Nevertheless they are still quite useful for study.
Regarding to the large number of virtual atlases and online quizzes available in the Internet, we advise caution, specially when these materials are not endorsed by a reliable institution (whether a publisher, university or scientific association). Overall, and irrespective of the source browsed, we must be very careful when using those that address the human anatomy. Not all of the topics are common to animal anatomy. Images are useless, unless those referred to the structure or histology.

Basic:
BARONE, R. (1986). ANATOMIE COMPARÉE DES MAMMIFÈRES DOMESTIQUES. TOMO 1: OSTÉOLOGIE. (3ª ED.) VIGOT, PARIS.
BARONE, R. (1980). ANATOMIE COMPARÉE DES MAMMIFÈRES DOMESTIQUES. TOMO 2: ARTHROLOGIE ET MIOLOGIE. (2ª ED.) VIGOT, PARIS.
BUDRAS, K., W. FRICKE E I. SALAZAR (1989). ATLAS DE ANATOMÍA DEL PERRO. ED. INTERAMERICANA, MADRID.
DE LAHUNTA, A. AND E.N. GLASS (2008) VETERINARY ANATOMY AND CLINICAL NEUROLOGY. 3RD. ED. SAUNDERS, PHILADELPHIA.
DYCE, K.M., W.O. SACK AND C.J.G. WENSING. (2018). TEXTBOOK OF VETERINARY ANATOMY. 5th ED. ELSEVIER.
EVANS, H.E. Y G.C. CHRISTENSEN (1993). MILLER'S ANATOMY OF THE DOG. 3RD ED. SAUNDERS, PHILADELPHIA.
KÖNIG, H.E. & H.G. LIEBICH. (2004). ANATOMÍA DE LOS ANIMALES DOMÉSTICOS. TOMO 1. APARATO LOCOMOTOR. ED. MÉDICA PANAMERICANA
KÖNIG, H.E. & H.G. LIEBICH. (2004). ANATOMÍA DE LOS ANIMALES DOMÉSTICOS. TOMO 2. ÓRGANOS, SISTEMA CIRCULATORIO Y SISTEMA NERVIOSO. ED. MÉDICA PANAMERICANA
NICKEL, R., A. SCHUMMER & E. SEIFERLE (1986). THE ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC MAMMALS. VOL.1: THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM OF THE DOMESTIC MAMMALS. PAUL PAREY, BERLÍN.
NICKEL, R., A. SCHUMMER & E. SEIFERLE (1981). THE ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC MAMMALS. VOL.3: THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, THE SKIN AND THE CUTANEOUS ORGANS OF THE DOMESTIC MAMMALS. PAUL PAREY, BERLÍN.
NICKEL, R., A. SCHUMMER UND E. SEIFERLE (1992). LEHRBUCH DER ANATOMIE DER HAUSTIERE. BAND IV: NERVENSYSTEM. SINNESORGANE. ENDOKRINE DRÜSEN. 3ª ED .PAUL PAREY, BERLÍN.
NOMINA ANATOMICA VETERINARIA 5ª ED. (2005). W.A.V.A. ZÜRICH & ITHACA, N.Y.
POPESKO, P. (1998). ATLAS DE ANATOMÍA TOPOGRÁFICA DE LOS ANIMALES DOMÉSTICOS. 2ª EDICIÓN. TOMOS 1, 2 Y 3. ED. MASSON, BARCELONA.
SCHALLER, O. (EDITOR) (1992). ILLUSTRATED VETERINARY ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE. FERDINAND ENKE VERLAG, STUTTGART.


Complementary:
BOYD, J.S. (2008) ATLAS EN COLOR DE ANATOMÍA CLÍNICA DEL PERRO Y EL GATO. 2ª EDICIÓN. ED. ELSEVIER MOSBY, BARCELONA.
CLAYTON, H.M., FLOOD, P.F., ROSENSTEIN, D.S. (2007) ANATOMÍA CLÍNICA DEL CABALLO. ED. ELSEVIER MOSBY, BARCELONA.
DONE, S.H., P.C. GOODY, S.A. EVANS & N.C. STICKLAND(2010) ATLAS EN COLOR DE ANATOMÍA VETERINARIA. EL PERRO Y EL GATO. ED. ELSEVIER MOSBY, BARCELONA.
GETTY, R. (SISSON & GROSSMAN) (1982). ANATOMÍA DE LOS ANIMALES DOMÉSTICOS. SALVAT, BARCELONA.
SALAZAR, I. (1994) ANATOMÍA PRÁCTICA DEL GANADO VACUNO. GRASS-IATROS EDICIONES. BARCELONA.
SCHEBITZ, H. & H. WILKENS (1986). ATLAS OF RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE DOG AND CAT. PAUL PAREY, BERLÍN.

Some online anatomy plattforms can be seen in the Comments section.

Generic competences:

GVUSC 01. Capacity to learn and adaptation.
GVUSC 02. Capacity to analyze and synthesize.
GVUSC 05. Capacity to put knowledge to practical use.
GVUSC 06. Capacity to work autonomously and in group.

Specific competences of the subject:
CEDUSC 02. To acquire knowledge on the structure and function of healthy animals.

Professional competences:
D1VUSC01. Obtain an accurate and relevant medical history and perform a complete clinical examination of the animal. (For this competence, the subject participates by providing essential knowledge of body regions, position terms and specific nomenclature, as well as the topography of apparatus and systems in body cavities).
D1VUSC12. Perform the inspection of animals ante and postmortem and of foodstuff for human consumption. (For this competence, the subject participates by providing the necessary knowledge regarding the normal appearance of organs and viscera).

Academic competences:
CEAVUSC 08. To realize the need of bringing up to date knowledge, abilities and attitudes by means of a permanent process of education.

Transversal competences:
CTVUSC 02. Capacity to obtain appropriate, varied and up-to-date information using different resources, such as bibliographic information and internet, and to analyze it from a critical point of view.
CTVUSSC 03. Capacity to elaborate and present an organized and understanding text.

Lectures in the classroom to be determined, with systematic use of the Virtual Campus as a support for teaching and direct communication with students.
The discipline has assigned 37 hours of theory sessions of 50 minutes (see academic calendar for exact chronology), which must be attended regularly, distributed as follows:

• 10 lessons devoted to the study of the passive musculoskeletal system (bones and joints),
• 7 in which muscles will be treated with a regional approach (with their vascularization and innervation),
• 4 for the skin and cutaneous annexes,
• 17 sessions for nervous system and sense organs.

Interactive Sessions: 37 practical hours in 15 sessions in the dissection room, pavilion 3 basement floor of compulsory attendance to be able to pass the subject in both opportunities, ordinary and recovery.
During the first week, in 3-hour sessions, the passive locomotor apparatus is studied in groups of 20 people under the supervision of a teacher; the remaining two weeks are used for dissection of a carnivorous corpse, in sessions of 2.5 hours except the last day of each week in which the duration is 3 hours; dissection teams are 7 or 8 people, with one teacher for every two teams.
In the days before each practical week there will be a voluntary self-evaluation test in the virtual campus, related to the specific contents that will be worked during the week.

During the practical sessions, the notes taken during lectures will be used as essential support material, as well as the practice guides and the contents related to the topics covered in the lectures, available in the virtual classroom of the subject. Printed or electronic atlases are highly recommended to help solve specific doubts so that the student can start using specialized literature.
In addition to the hygiene measures that may be established by the authorities, it is necessary to observe the SPECIFIC RULES OF THE SUBJECT:
• To access the practice room and given the characteristics of the work to be carried out, the use of a white laboratory coat, disposable gloves and rubber boots is mandatory.
• For individual work it is essential to have basic dissection material consisting of a scalpel, forceps and scissors.
• It is highly recommended to wear safety glasses and a hygienic face protection mask.
• Likewise, any other instruction that the teaching staff indicates on safety regulations and personal protective equipment will be applicable.

Both the Virtual Campus and the entrance to the dissection room contain the basic safety standards that students must observe; any questions will be resolved by the teachers present in each practical session.
Tutorials
In the current curriculum there are two types of tutoring: group and individual. The group, which explains the general rules that will govern the subject, is only one and will take place for all students in the classroom at the beginning of the semester. The second is the traditional model, highly recommended to clarify any doubts and difficulties that may arise during the development of teaching. It is necessary to set a date before attending this tutorial that will take place in the teacher’s office, or if so agreed, virtually through the official platform MS Teams.

The subject is divided into two blocks with different weights, being NECESSARY TO OBTAIN A MINIMUM OF FIVE (5) POINTS OUT OF TEN IN EACH ONE OF THEM so that they can be added for the overall mark.

• The work carried out in the practices, which will be subject to continuous evaluation by the teacher in charge of each group, accounts for 35% of the overall grade for the subject. The involvement and attitude of each student, the skill acquired with manual work and the knowledge demonstrated during the sessions will be considered. At the end of each week of practices there will be a test to evaluate the work done, which will take place during the time allocated to practice .
The practices are a MANDATORY activity and, not doing them -except for reasons of force majeure that will have to be duly justified in a documentary way-, has the consequence of not being able to pass the subject in any of the exam opportunities.

The qualification obtained in practicals, whenever it is equal to or greater than 5, is saved indefinitely until the matter is passed (in the same course or successive ones if applicable). If it does not reach the minimum of 5 points established, it will be possible to recover it in the final exam, taking an additional part based on images, in which the contents that were worked on in the practices will be identified or recognized.

• The remaining 65% corresponds to the grade obtained in the final exam, in either of its two opportunities, whose official dates are set in each year's academic calendar.

In this exam, the theoretical contents related to the locomotor system as a whole (those that have not been evaluated in practice) and skin formations account for 30%, and the contents related to the nervous system and sense organs account for the remaining 35%. Both parts constitute an indivisible block in the final exam AND CANNOT BE PASSED INDEPENDENTLY. The exam will consist of a combination of short questions, multiple choice questions with single or multiple answers, statements to identify as true or false, figures to complete, lists of terms to relate according to a certain criterion, etc. It will be informed at the beginning of the exam if there are answers that discount.
The final exam represents 65% of the total course (30% + 35%) and is complementary to the continuous assessment that contributes the remaining 35%.

Exemption from attendance is not applicable in this subject.

In case of plagiarism, fraud or improper use of technologies for the realization of the telematic tests, the provisions of the “Normativa de avaliación do rendemento académico dos estudantes e de revisión de cualificacións” will apply.

TOTAL HOURS OF STUDENT’S WORKLOAD: 150
------------------------------------------------------
ON-SITE WORKING SESSIONS................. 75 hours
- Lectures or theoretical sessions ...... 37
- Interactive or practical sessions ..... 37
- Tutoring ...................................... 1

STUDENTS' AUTONOMOUS TASK.............. 75 hours
- Individual study ............................ 55
- Drafting of practices reports ........... 7
- Sitting exams.......... 4
- Another duties proposed by the Lecturers.................. 9


On the last day of each internship week there will be a test to evaluate the work done, which will be done within the internship hours.

Attendance to the lectures is highly recommended in order to understand and assimilate the subject.
Attendance to the practical sessions is compulsory.

Tutorials are highly advisable to solve doubts and preparing the exams.

Among many, some online anatomy platforms
• IVALA Learn | 3D Veterinary Anatomy & Clinical Learning (FREE registration for students): https://www.ivalalearn.com/
• IMAIOS (anatomy of different species): https://www.imaios.com/en/vet-Anatomy
• Videos of Anatomy of the University of Murcia: https://www.um.es/web/anatvet/docencia/recursos-docentes/videos-anatomy
• Veterinary Anatomy. University of Minnesota Veterinary Anatomy Website Home Page
The use of electronic bibliography available in the USC Library is generally recommended: "A BUSC EN LIÑA" https://busconline.gal .
In addition, it is possible to search for scientific journals and e-books managed by BUGalicia, using USC credentials, through Pórtico (http://sfx.bugalicia.org/san/az ) and EZproxy (https://www.usc.gal/gl/servizos/biblioteca/utilidades/ezproxy.html