Pharmacology II

In this course, halfway through the Pharmacy degree and the double Degree in Pharmacy and Optics and Optometry, students move from basic and introductory training to a more purely professional training.
The subject of Pharmacology-II is included within the subject Pharmacology, which is divided into three subjects (Pharmacology-I,-II and Pharmacology Pharmacology-III). Pharmacology Pharmacology I and II are taught in the first and second halves of the third course and Pharmacology III in the first half of fourth grade.
The course fits within the module of Medicine and Pharmacology and forms, along with other subjects of Pharmacology, the basis for the study of Pharmacotherapy and elective pharmacology-related subjects.
The pharmacist is the expert on medicaments, the main component of which is the active ingredient incorporated, ie the drug.
The aim of the subject Pharmacology II is to train students in the knowledge of the drugs that are used in order to diagnose, prevent, cure or mitigate disease processes affecting the systems / processes listed below:
Section I: Pharmacology of central nervous system
Section II: Pharmacology of inflammation
Section III: Pharmacology of the respiratory system
Section IV: Pharmacology of the urinary system
Section V: Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System
Section VI: Pharmacology of electrolyte disorders
Section VII: Pharmacology of the blood, hematopoietic and immune systems

A) EXPOSITORY LECTURES.

SECTION I: PHARMACOLOGY OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
The CNS is the most complex and least known of the organism. This first section deals with the study of drugs that act on it, which are some of the most prescribed.
At the end of this section the student should know:
- The basis of communication in the CNS and the targets on which drugs can act.
- The groups of drugs that act on the CNS.
- The application of these drugs for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases.
- The problem of drug dependence and abuse.

Unit 1. - Introduction to the study of CNS pharmacology.
1. Sense of the unit.
Aware of the potential drug targets in the CNS. The importance of regulating access of drugs to the CNS and pharmacological techniques available for easy access thereof. How to classify drugs acting on the CNS according to different criteria.
2. Unit headings.
General considerations. Functional organization. Major central neurochemical systems and drug targets. Access of drugs to the CNS. Classification of drugs that act on the central nervous system.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 2. - General anesthetics.
1. Sense of the unit.
To differentiate local, regional and general anesthesia and know the objectives of general anesthesia. Classification of general anesthetics and their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, etc. Understanding the concepts of neuroleptanalgesia, neurolepto and clinical relevance as well as preanesthetic medication.
2. Unit headings.
General considerations. Classification. Mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications. Neuroleptanalgesia and Neuroleptoanesthesia. Preanesthetic medication.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 3. Opiod analgesics.
1. Sense of the unit.
Being able to differentiate between different types of pain. To identify endogenous opioids, opioid receptors and the pharmacological effects resulting from their activation or blockade. Classification, mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, etc. of morphine and other opioid analgesics. Dominating the concepts of tolerance, sensitization and dependence. To describe the effects and therapeutic applications of opioid antagonists.
2. Unit headings.
General considerations. Endogenous opioids and opioid receptors. Classification of opioid drugs. Morphine: mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications. Other opioid analgesics. Tolerance, sensitization and dependence. Opioid antagonists.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 4. Drugs used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (I).
1. Sense of the unit.
To know the process of aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Neuronal death. Drugs useful in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia and other cerebrovascular accidents (CVA).
2. Unit headings.
General considerations. Neuronal death. Alzheimer disease (AD): Introduction. Classification of drugs. Mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications. Other dementias. Drugs used in the treatment of stroke (CVA).
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 5. Drugs used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (II).
1. Sense of the unit.
Knowing the basics of Parkinson's disease (PD), dopamine receptors, antiparkinsonian drugs and the importance of drug combinations in the treatment of PD. Pharmacological treatment of other based motor's diseases, such as Huntington disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and others. The importance of skeletal muscle relaxant drugs acting at the CNS. The pharmacological management of other neurodegenerative diseases.
2. Unit headings.
Parkinson's disease (PD): Introduction. Dopaminergic receptors. Classification of antiparkinsonian drugs. Mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic characteristics, pharmacological effects, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications. Huntington disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and other motor diseases. Skeletal muscle relaxant drugs of central action. Other neurodegenerative diseases.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 6. Antiepileptic and anticonvulsant drugs
1. Sense of the unit.
Students will learn the types of epilepsy as a rational basis for the appropriate use of different drugs available. To know the classification of antiepileptic drugs according to their introduction in clinical practice and according to their mechanisms of action. To describe their pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications in partial seizures, tonic-clonic, absences, etc.
2. Unit headings.
General considerations. Classification. Mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications. Pharmacological treatment of non-epileptic seizures.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 7. Anxiolytics and hypnotic drugs.
1. Sense of the unit.
To know the difference between anxiolytic and sedative / hypnotic effects. To learn the importance of benzodiazepines and their classification according to their structure, pharmacokinetic characteristics, etc. To know their mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, etc. To make a proper use of the concepts of tolerance, sensitization and dependence. Assess the clinical significance of the benzodiazepine antagonist and other anti-anxiety drugs such as buspirone, etc.. Learn to evaluate the characteristics of the various hypnotics.
2. Unit headings.
General considerations. Anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines. Classification of benzodiazepines. Mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications. Tolerance and dependence. Benzodiazepine receptor antagonists. Anxiolytic buspirone and other drugs. Hypnotic drugs. Pharmacological treatment of other sleep disorders.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 8. Antipsychotic drugs.
1. Sense of the unit.
To know the concept of psychosis and the discovery of antipsychotic drugs. To know the classification of antipsychotics according to various criteria. To describe the mechanism of action pharmacological effects and therapeutic interest of these drugs. Typical and atypical antipsychotics.
2. Unit headings.
General considerations. Classification. Mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 9. Antidepressant and antimanic drugs.
1. Sense of the unit.
To understand the concept of depression (unipolar and bipolar) and the discovery of antidepressant drugs. To learn to classify and describe their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, etc. Knowing the therapeutic uses of antidepressants not only in the treatment of depression but also in other disorders (anxiety, pain, etc..). Antimanic drugs / mood stabilizers and their therapeutic application in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
2. Unit headings.
General considerati ons. Antidepressants: Classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications. Antimanic Pharmacology of manic-depressive disorder.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 10. Other drugs active on the CNS.
1. Sense of the unit.
To identify and differentiate the various types of CNS stimulants. To know the pharmacological characteristics of the main psychostimulants, bulbar and spinal cord stimulants. To describe the hallucinogenic drugs and their effects. To konw other cerebroactive drugs (nootropes, neuroprotective, etc.).
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Central nervous system stimulants: psychostimulants, bulbar and spinal stimulants. Hallucinogens. Other cerebroactive drugs.
Desfacer as edicións
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 11. Drug dependence.
1. Sense of the unit.
To know the reinforcing properties of drugs. Tolerance, awareness, psychic and physical dependence, withdrawal syndrome. ¡§Legal¡¨ drugs and substances capable of producing dependence (ethanol and nicotine). Pharmacological treatment of dependencies.
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Tolerance, sensitization and dependence. Withdrawal. Depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens. Ethanol. Nicotine. Pharmacological treatment of drug dependencies.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

SECTION II: PHARMACOLOGY OF INFLAMMATION
Unit 12. Non steroidal analgesic-antipyretic-anti-inflammatory drugs.
1. Sense of the unit.
To know the classification ofnon steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). To correlate the inhibition of different isozymes of cyclooxygenase by NSAIDs with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects as well as other pharmacological or toxic effects that may occur. To describe the drugs, the most important distinctive features and their specific therapeutic indications. Selection criteria for NSAIDs.
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Classification. Mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 13. Other anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic drugs.
1. Sense of the unit.
To describe the glucocorticoid mechanism of action, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications. Other drugs of interest in rheumatic disease. Guidelines in the treatment of rheumatic disease. Treatment of pain and other inflammatory disorders associated with skeletal muscle.
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Antirheumatic no anti-inflammatory agents. Pharmacology of rheumatic diseases. Treatment of other inflammatory processes of the musculoskeletal system: topical anti-inflammatory and rubefacient drugs. Anti-inflammatory enzymes.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

SECTION III: PHARMACOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Unit 14. Drugs affecting the upper respiratory tract. Pharmacology of cough and flu-like processes.
1. Sense of the unit.
To describe the drugs that are useful in the treatment of pathological processes affecting the upper respiratory tract: nose and pharynx. To describe and correlate the mechanism of action of expectorants and mucolytics with their pharmacological effects, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications. To describe antitussive drugs. To know the strategies to follow in the treatment of flu-like processes.
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Drugs affecting the upper airway: rhinologic drugs and and pharyngeal anti-infectives. Pharmacology of cough: anti-cough drugs with central and peripheral action. Drugs affecting the tracheobronchial secretion: expectorants and mucolytics. Pharmacology of flu-like processes.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 15. Bronchodilators and other antiasthmathic drugs.
1. Sense of the unit.
Lower airways and asthma. To sort anti-asthmathic drugs according to their mechanism of action and relate to the pharmacological effects and adverse reactions that may occur. Tiered drug treatment of bronchial asthma in children and adults.
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Classification. Mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 16. Pharmacology of breathing.
1. Sense of the unit.
To understand the concept respiratory stimulant and depressant and know their clinical efficacy. Oxygenotherapy. Lung surfactant in respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn.
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Respiratory stimulants and depressants. Therapeutic gases. Pulmonary surfactants.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

SECTION IV: PHARMACOLOGY OF RENAL SYSTEM
Unit 17. Diuretics (I).
1. Sense of the unit.
Modulating renal activity by pharmacological intervention. To know the main characteristics and therapeutic use of loop diuretics.
2. Unit headings.
Renal function: general considerations. Classification of diuretics. Loop diuretics: mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, interactions, therapeutic applications.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 0.5 h

Unit 18. Diuretics (II). Antidiuretics.
1. Sense of the unit.
To know the main characteristics and therapeutic uses of diuretics and antidiuretics included in this unit.
2. Unit headings.
Thiazide diuretics, K+-sparing diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and osmotic diuretics: mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, interactions, therapeutic applications. Antidiuretic drugs: vasopressin and analogues. Other antidiuretics.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1.5 h

SECTION V: PHARMACOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Unit 19. Antihypertensive drugs (I).
1. Sense of the unit.
To generally address the possibility of pharmacological modulation of blood pressure. To study the applications of diuretics in hypertension. To know the main characteristics and therapeutic uses of drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
2. Unit headings.
General considerations. Classification of antihypertensive drugs. Antihypertensive diuretics. Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, interactions, therapeutic applications.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1.5 h

Unit 20. Antihypertensive drugs (II).
1. Sense of the unit.
To explore the use of drugs that block adrenergic transmission in arterial hypertension (HTN). Know the main characteristics and therapeutic uses of calcium antagonists, potassium channel activators and other direct vasodilators.
2. Unit headings.
Blocking adrenergic transmission in hypertension: α-and β-blockers, centrally acting sympatholytics, other adrenergic blockers used in HTN. Direct vasodilators: calcium antagonists, potassium channel activators, other direct vasodil ators: mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, interactions, therapeutic applications.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 2 h

Unit 21. Pharmacology of heart failure (HF).
1. Sense of the unit.
To generally address the therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of HF. To know the main characteristics and therapeutic uses of positive inotropic drugs. To study the therapeutic benefits arising from the use of drugs that facilitate ventricular function in HF.
2. Unit headings.
Therapeutic potential in HF. Positive inotropic drugs. Cardiac glycosides: mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, interactions, therapeutic applications. Sympathomimetic drugs. Phosphodiesterase III inhibitors. Drugs that enhance the calcium sensitivity of contractile proteins. Other drugs that facilitate ventricular function in HF. Βeta-adrenergic blockers in HF.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1.5 h

Unit 22. Antianginal drugs.
1. Sense of the unit.
To generally address the therapeutic intervention with antianginal drugs against angina and myocardial infarction. To know the main characteristics and therapeutic uses of drugs nitrovasodilators. To study the antianginal use of other drugs already studied in previous topics.
2. Unit headings.
General considerations. Nitrovasodilators: mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, development of tolerance, adverse reactions, interactions, therapeutic applications. Beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium antagonists and potassium channel activators as anti-anginal. Other antianginal.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 23. Antiarrhythmic drugs.
1. Sense of the unit.
Knowing the main mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis and pharmacological interventions against the most common types of arrhythmias. To know the main characteristics and therapeutic uses of different groups of antiarrhythmic drugs.
2. Unit headings.
General considerations. Classification. Antiarrhythmic class I, II, III and IV: mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, interactions, therapeutic applications.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 24. Other vasoactive drugs.
1. Sense of the unit.
To identify opportunities for pharmacological intervention against stroke, vascular dementia and various peripheral vascular disease (intermittent claudication, critical limb ischemia, Raynaud's disease, varicose veins). To discuss the use of vasoconstrictor drugs in cases of hypotension.
2. Unit headings.
General considerations. Cerebral vasodilators. Other regional vasodilators. Vasoprotectors against varices. Vasoconstrictors. Treatment of hypotension.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

SECTION VI: PHARMACOLOGY ELECTROLYTIC DISORDERS
Unit 25. Pharmacology of fluids and electrolytes.
1. Sense of the unit.
To Know the pharmacology of electrolyte imbalances. To understand the therapeutic importance of regulating the volume and composition of body fluids
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Ion balance. Hydrosaline Pharmacology. Dehydration. Rehydration salts.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

SECTION VII: PHARMACOLOGY OF BLOOD, HEMATOPOIETIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Unit 26. Platelet pharmacology.
1. Sense of the unit.
To know the classification of antiplatelet agents according to their mechanism of action. Antiplatelet drugs Describe and relate the mechanism of action of different groups with their pharmacological effects and adverse reactions.
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Antiplatelet agents. Classification. Mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 27. Anticoagulants.
1. Sense of the unit.
Blood clotting and pharmacological interference sites. To know the classification of anticoagulant drugs according to their route of administration. To describe anticoagulants and their mechanisms of action related to their pharmacological effects and adverse reactions. To assess the risks of interactions.
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Classification. Mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications. Interactions.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 0.5 h

Unit 28. Fibrinolytic drugs.
1. Sense of the unit.
To classificate fibrinolytic drugs. To describe fibrinolytic drugs and understand their mechanism of action related to its pharmacological effects and adverse reactions. To analyze the main strategies used in the pharmacology of myocardial infarction and post-infarction.
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Classification. Mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications. Pharmacology of myocardial infarction.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 1 h

Unit 29. Hemsotatic drugs.
1. Sense of the unit.
Concept of hemostatic drug. To know the classification of haemostatic drugs: systemic and local. To describe the drugs in each group indicating their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications.
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Classification: systemic and local hemostatic drugs. Mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 0.5 h

Unit 30. Pharmacology of erythrocytes.
1. Sense of the unit.
Erythrocytes and iron metabolism. Mechanisms of action and pharmacological effects of erythropoietin, iron supplements, cobalamin, folic acid and folinic acid and its therapeutic applications. Treatment of accidental poisoning by iron.
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Antianemics: erythropoietin, iron supplements, cobalamin, folic acid and folinic acid.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 0.5 h

Unit 31. Pharmacology of leukocytes
1. Sense of the unit.
White blood cells. Granulocyte and monocyte colonies stimulating factors (hematopoietic growth factors). Classification of immunosuppressants by their mechanism of action and relation to its pharmacological effects and adverse reactions. Immunostimulants and their therapeutic applications
2. Unit headings.
Introduction. Granulocyte and monocyte colonies stimulating factors. Immunomodulators: immunosuppressive and immunostimulant agents. Classification. Mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, adverse reactions and therapeutic applications.
3. Bibliography
See general bibliography of the subject
4. Activities to develop
Expository lecture 0.5 h



B) INTERACTIVE CLASSES: SEMINARS. Face-to-face
Seminar 1 CNS (1 h): Statement of the Pharmacist in the central nervous system disorders (CNS)
Seminar 2 CNS (2 h): Neuropharmacology. Units 2-6
Seminar 3 CNS (2 h): Psychopharmacology. Units 7-11
Seminar 4 Inflammation/Respiratory system (1 h). Units 12-16
S eminar 5 Diuretics/Antidiuretics (1h). UNits 17-18
Seminar 6 Cardiovascular (1 h): Antihypertensives. Units 19-20
Seminar 7 Cardiovascular (1 h): Heart failure, antianginal and antiarrhythmic drugs. Units 21-23
Seminar 8 (2 h): Blood System. Units 26-31.


C) INTERACTIVE CLASSES WITH COMPUTER / PRACTICE. Face-to-face
The dates of these classes are scheduled by the faculty and developed according to the following sequence:

- Interactive Class / Practice 1. - Sources of information about drugs and medicines (I). Using the BOT Plus software of the General Council of Official Colleges of Pharmacists (CGCOF).
Objective: To show students the database developed by the CGCOF that is used daily by pharmacists practicing in community pharmacy, primary care or hospital.
Program: Description of the BOT Plus software. Search for CNS active drugs. Interactions.
Duration: 3 hours

- Interactive Class / Practice 2. - Sources of information about drugs and medicines (II). Using the Internet as an information source.
Objective: To introduce students to the use of the Internet to obtain accurate information about medicines and other issues related to health care.
Program: Consultation with various internet addresses information to promote rational use of drugs.
Duration: 3 hours

- Interactive Class / Practice 3. - Simulation of Cardiovascular Pharmacology.
Objective: to allow students working in a virtual environment which can simulate and visualize the cardiovascular effects of different drugs seen in Section III of the program of the course (pharmacology of the cardiovascular system).
Program: Managing various drugs, both agonists and antagonists, adrenergic, cholinergic, histaminergic, and so on in a simulation of normal animals pretreated with reserpine or previously pithed.
Duration: 3 hours

- Interactive Class / Practice. - Exam. Duration: 3 hours

a) Basic
• Rang y Dale Farmacología. Eds. H. P. Rang, M. M. Dale, J. M. Ritter, R. J. Flower, G. Henderson. Editorial Elsevier Churchill Livingstone,
9ª Edición, 2020.
• Farmacología Humana. Eds. J. Flórez, J. A. Armijo, A. Mediavilla. Editorial Elsevier Masson, 6ª Edición, 2013.
• Goodman y Gilman. Las Bases Farmacológicas de la Terapéutica. Ed. Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC. Editorial McGraw-Hill, 13ª Edición, 2019.
• Guiones de Clases Prácticas de Farmacología-II elaborados por los profesores de la asignatura.

b) Complementary.
• Velázquez. Farmacología Básica y Clínica. Eds. Leza Cerro C, Lizasoain Hernández I, Moro Sánchez MA, Portolés Pérez A. Editorial panamericana. 19ª Edición, 2018.
• Farmacología. Texto y Atlas. Eds. Lüllmann H, Mohr, K, Hein, L. Editorial Panamericana, 6ª Edición, 2010.
• Manual de Farmacología. Guía para el uso racional del medicamento. Eds. López Castellano AC, Moreno Royo L, Villagrasa Sansebastián V. Editorial Elsevier, 2ª Edición, 2010.
• Farmacología Fundamental. Eds. Velasco A, San Román L, Serrano J, Martínez-Sierra R, Cadavid I. Editorial McGraw-Hill Interamericana 1ª Edición, 2003.
• Netter: Farmacología Ilustrada. 1ª ed. Autores: Raffa R, Beyzarov EP, Rawls SM. Barcelona. Elsevier-Masson, 1ª Edición, 2008

Knowledge:
Know 02. Know the therapeutic and toxic effects of substances with pharmacological activity.
Know 03. Know how to apply the scientific method and acquire skills in managing sources of information, bibliography.
Know 04. Acquire knowledge to design, prepare, supply and dispense medicines and other products of health interest.
Know 05. Acquire knowledge in pharmacotherapy and diet therapy, as well as in the nutritional and food field in the establishments in which they provide services.
Know 06. Acquire basic knowledge in clinical management, health economics and efficient use of health resources to promote the rational use of medicines and health products.
Know 07. Know, evaluate and assess problems related to drugs and medications, as well as participate in pharmacovigilance activities.
Know 08. Know the activities of clinical and social pharmacy, following the pharmaceutical care cycle.
Know 19. Know the structures of biomolecules and their transformations in the cell.
Know 21. Know the properties of cell membranes and the distribution of drugs.
Know 23. Know the main metabolic routes involved in the degradation of drugs.
Know 25. Know the processes of release, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs, and factors that condition absorption and disposition depending on their routes of administration.
Know 31. Know how to safely use medications taking into account their physical and chemical properties, including any risks associated with their use.
Know 33. Know the effects of substances with pharmacological activity.
Know 34. Know and understand the techniques used in the design and evaluation of preclinical and clinical trials.
Know 37. Know the structure and function of the human body, as well as the general mechanisms of the disease, molecular, structural and functional alterations, syndromic expression and therapeutic tools to restore health.
Know 38. Know the nature, mechanism of action and effect of toxins, as well as the resources in case of poisoning.
Know 43. Know information retrieval techniques related to primary and secondary sources of information (including databases with the use of a computer).

Skills or abilities:
S/A 05. Develop communication and information skills, both oral and written, to deal with patients and users of the center where you carry out your professional activity.
S/A 06. Promote work and collaboration skills in multidisciplinary teams and those related to other health professionals.
S/A 18. Promote the rational use of medicines and health products.
S/A 19. Provide therapeutic advice in pharmacotherapy and diet therapy, as well as nutritional and dietary advice to users of the establishments in which they provide services.
S/A 28. Correctly use sources of scientific information, including those in English.
S/A 29. Analyze and synthesize basic information in both Spanish and English and summarize it correctly and intelligibly.
S/A 30. Structure, develop and summarize a work on a specific aspect of the profession.
S/A 31. Present orally in a clear and concise manner a report on a general or specific aspect of the profession and defend it publicly.

Competencies:
Comp 01. Capacity for analysis and synthesis.
Comp 02. Ability to organize and plan
Comp 06. Information management skills (ability to search and analyze information from
various sources)
Comp 08. Decision making.
Comp 10. Critical capacity and self-criticism.
Comp 11. Teamwork.
Comp 12. Interpersonal skills.
Comp 18. Ability to apply knowledge in practice.
Comp 20. Ability to learn.
Comp 21. Ability to adapt to new situations.
Comp 28. Concern for quality

The teaching activity will be carried out in person and / or telematically using the official platforms of the USC: USC-Virtual (Moodle) and the Microsoft 365 suite programs (MS Teams, Forms, etc.)

FORMATION ACTIVITIES
A) Expository classes: Lessons taught by the teacher that can have different formats (theory, problems and / or
general examples, general guidelines of the matter ...).
B) Interactive classes in small groups (Seminars): Theoretical / practical class in which applications of the theory are proposed and solved, problems, exercises ... The student participates actively in these classes in different ways: delivery of exercises to the teacher (some of those proposed in problem bulletins that the teacher delivers to the students with enough time); solving exercises, etc. Assessment tests are included, if any.
C) Interactive classes with a computer in a small group (Computer Seminars) / Laboratory: Included here are the classes in which the student uses computers to access pharmacological information, simulation of experiments, etc.
Attendance and completion of the activities proposed in these classes is mandatory.
The student will not be able to pass the subject if he / she does not attend and / or does not take and pass the exam of interactive classes with computer / classes Laboratory practices.
D) Very small group blackboard tutorials: Tutorials scheduled by the teacher. In general, they will mean for each student about 2
hours per semester and subject. Activities such as supervising supervised works, clarifying doubts about theory are proposed
o the practices, problems, exercises, readings or other proposed tasks; as well as the presentation, exhibition, debate or comment of individual work or carried out in small groups.

The evaluation will be carried out through the following activities:

A) Final exam (60% of the grade of the subject)

Knowledge: Know 02. Know 08. Know 19. Know 21. Know 23. Know 25. Know 31. Know 33. Know 37. Know 38.

B) Interactive Classes - Seminars (16% of the grade of the subject)

Knowledge: Know 03. Know 04. Know 05. Know 06. Know 07. Know 08. Know 34. Know 43.

Skills or abilities: S/A 05. S/A 06. S/A 18. S/A 19. S/A 28. S/A 29. S/A 31.

Competencies: Comp 01. Comp 02. Comp 06. Comp 08. Comp 10. Comp 11. Comp 12. Comp 18. Comp 20. Comp 21. Comp 28.

C) Interactive classes - Practices (24% of the grade of the subject)

Knowledge: Know 03. Know 04. Know 05. Know 07. Know 43.

Skills or abilities: S/A 18. S/A 19. S/A 28. S/A 29.

Competencies: Comp 01. Comp 02. Comp 06. Comp 08. Comp 18. Comp 20. Comp 28.

The evaluation will be conducted in accordance with the following:

a) Final exam (60% of the grade for the course) - Complementary to the continuous assessment and compulsory for all students-
Knowledge will be assessed by taking a multiple choice test consisting of 60 multiple-choice questions, with 5 answers each and only one of which will be correct, or questions to complete or relate concepts.
Correct answers will be scored with +0.1 points, incorrect answers with -0.05 points and unanswered questions with 0 points (blank answer). The maximum mark that can be obtained in this test type exam is 6 points.
To pass / pass the course, it is necessary to obtain a minimum grade of 3 points in this section.


b) Evaluation of the seminars (16% of the mark of the subject) - Continuous evaluation -
Attendance / holding of seminars is not compulsory. Each seminar can be scored up to a maximum of 0,2 points. Non-attendance at one or more than the seminars entails the impossibility of carrying out the work proposed in it and will be scored with 0 points. Changes of seminar group are not allowed, unless expressly authorized by the teaching staff. The change of seminar group entails the change of team in carrying out teamwork. The seminar in which the proposed work is not carried out and delivered in the stipulated time will also be scored with 0 points. The maximum score that can be achieved in section b) of seminars is 1.6 points.
Those students who have completed the seminars in previous academic courses, but have not passed the course, are
You can keep the grade obtained, as long as you expressly request it in writing to the coordinator of the subject. If
they did not request it, the seminar grade will not be quantified in the calculation of the final grade.

c) Evaluation of interactive computer classes / laboratory practices (24% of the grade for the course) - Continuous evaluation -
The attendance / realization of the interactive classes with computer / practices is compulsory. The / the student will not be able to pass / pass the subject if he / she does not carry out all the programmed activities and does not pass the exam.
The exam will consist of 3 development questions which will correspond to each of the interactive classes / practices carried out.
Each development question will have a maximum score of 0.8 points, so the maximum score that can be obtained in the practical exam is 2.4 points. The exam is passed obtaining a score of 1.2 points.

The student will take the first practical exam at the end of the interactive computer / practical classes in the Practical Group in which it is included. Those students who do not pass it at this time may repeat the exam on the dates established in the Faculty calendar for the completion of the final exams of the subject.

Students who have completed and passed the interactive class / practical exam in previous academic years, but have not passed / passed the subject will not have to repeat the interactive computer / practical classes. These students can keep the grade obtained, as long as they expressly request it, in writing, to the coordinator of the subject. If they do not request it, they will be able to pass the course, but the practical grade will not be quantified in the calculation of the final grade.

Repeat students who are in the situation mentioned in the previous section may, if they wish, do the practices again in the current academic year. To repeat the practices they will have to contact the coordinating teacher of the subject to include them in one of the Practice Groups. The repetition of the interactive classes with computer / practices supposes the obligation to repeat and pass the exam of the same.

Repeat students who have not completed the practices or who have not passed them must contact the coordinating teacher of the subject for inclusion in a group of practices.

d) Calculation of the final grade
The overall final grade for the course will be obtained from the sum of the score obtained in the final exam and the sum of the continuous evaluation of seminars and practices according to the following expression:

Final grade (10): Final exam grade (6) + Seminar grade (1.6) + Practice grade (2.4)

The course will be passed obtaining a global final grade equal to or greater than 5, as long as they have been completed by the
student with all the requirements mentioned in the previous sections. If not met, the student will have a grade of
suspense. So:
1. If the student does not reach the minimum score of 3 points on the theory exam, the numerical grade that will appear in the Records is the note obtained in the mentioned exam (qualitative qualification of Suspense).
2. If the student has carried out the practices of the subject, but has not passed them, the note that will appear in the Records will be the note numerical obtained in them (qualitative qualification of Suspense).
3. If the student has not done the practices and appears to the theory exam, the note that will appear in Records will be the numerical note 0 (qualifying Suspense rating).

If the student does not take the written theory exam, even if they have completed evaluated seminar and / or practical activities
during this academic year, or has requested that the grades obtained in previous years be computed in this course, the final grade that will appear in the Records will be that of Not Presented.

In the case of students with a class attendance waiver, the sum of the theory and practical exam scores, the completion of which is considered mandatory for passing the course, will reach a maximum value of 8.4, which is why it is necessary Prorate the value of the theory exam up to a maximum value of 7.6, so that the sum of the activities carried out reaches the maximum value of 10. In these cases, the minimum value that must be reached to pass the final exam is 3.8. The course will be approved fulfilling all the conditions previously described, with the exceptions indicated, and the note that will appear in the minutes will also take into account all the conditions previously described.

In the case of fraudulent performance of any evaluable activity, the provisions of the Regulations for the evaluation and academic performance of students and the review of USC grades will apply.

The subject exams will be carried out in person.

PRESENCIAL WORK IN THE CLASSROOM (hours)
Lectures 30 h
Seminars 12 h
Interactive computer classes / practice 12 h
Very small group tutorials 2 h
Assessment and revision 4 h
Total operating hours for class attendance 60 h

STUDENT PERSONAL WORK (hours)
Self-study 60 hours
Solving exercises, or other work 20 h
Solving exercises, practical 4h
Guidance and resolution of doubts 2 h
Implementation and review of examination 4 h
Total hours of personal work 90 h

TOTAL HOURS (presencial + personal) 60 h + 90 h = 150 h = 6 ECTS

- Recommendations for the study of the subject
It is recommended that students possess knowledge of anatomy, cytology and histology, physiology, pathophysiology, chemistry (inorganic, organic and pharmaceutical), biochemistry and the previous subject of Pharmacology-I.
It is desirable that they also have cross-sectional informational and computer skills.

Students will have the online version of the subject where they will have the material used in the classes and complementary material such as diagrams, animations, videos, simulation programs, links to pages of interest, etc.
Through the on-line version of the subject they will also be able to access self-assessment questionnaires, make consultations with teachers, etc.

- Recommendations for evaluation
The student must attend and / or follow the teaching of the theoretical classes, seminars and interactive classes with computer / practices for an adequate learning of the subject, which will facilitate a positive evaluation.
It is very important that the student has a good base of previous subjects in anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, etc. So it is
It is necessary to review the concepts seen in them before addressing the study of drugs that act on the systems of the
body that is addressed in this subject of Pharmacology II. You should also review and know the concepts seen in the
Pharmacology I course, taught in the previous semester of the current academic year. It is advisable to study the subject daily and use tutorials to resolve any type of doubt.

- Recommendations for recovery
Students who have not passed the course should contact the teachers in order to determine and evaluate
together the possible causes that prevented him from passing / passing the subject. If it is a study method problem, lack of
basic knowledge, difficulty in carrying out the proposed activities, difficulties in taking the assessment tests, etc.

TEACHERS:
- Prof. Jose Angel Fontenla Gil: Coordinator of the subject. Professor of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy. Lectures, seminars, laboratory and tutorials.
-Prof. Manuel Campos Toimil. Professor of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy. Lectures, seminars and tutorials.
-Prof. José Manuel Brea Floriani. Professor of Pharmacology, CIMUS. Laboratory.
-Prof. Raquel Lamas López. Professor of Pharmacology, CIMUS. Laboratory.

Languages taught: Spanish / Galician / English *.
* Pharmaceutical simulation computer programs, teaching schemes, web pages, etc.