Veterinary Microbiology

The Degree Report in Veterinary Medicine of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lugo, approved by the Council of Universities on 06/30/2010, states that the General Objectives of the Graduate Degree in Veterinary Medicine from the USC are to provide students with the knowledge, techniques , skills and aptitudes that equip them professionally to guarantee the health of animals and humans.

The main objective of the Veterinary Microbiology subject is to provide the student with elements and tools that allow them to obtain knowledge about the biology, pathogenic mechanisms, diagnosis and control of the main microorganisms involved in diseases that affect production and companion animals, in addition to other aspects of veterinary interest in relation to public health.

Specific objectives:
1.- Know the basic concepts and scientific terminology used in Microbiology.
2.- Know the structure, physiology, pathogenesis, genetics and taxonomy of microorganisms of clinical importance in veterinary and public health.
3.- Know the possible interactions between the microorganism and the host.
4.- Know the basic techniques and methods of diagnosis

The subject of Veterinary Microbiology is divided into a theoretical part and a practical part.

The theoretical program of the subject is divided into two parts:

PART 1 is devoted to GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY. Unit 1 serves as an introduction and addresses the historical development of Microbiology and analyzes microbial diversity. In topics 2 to 6 (GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY, GENERAL MYCOLOGY AND GENERAL VIROLOGY) the general characteristics of the three main groups of veterinary interest are described: Bacteria, fungi and viruses. Units 7 and 8 are dedicated, respectively, to the study of the pathogenic capacity of these three groups of microorganisms on animals and their control by means of physical and chemical methods, paying special attention to antimicrobials. Finally, in topic 9 the microbial systematics and the concepts of classification, identification and nomenclature are analyzed.

PART 2 is dedicated to SPECIAL MICROBIOLOGY, which in turn includes three sections:
SPECIAL BACTERIOLOGY (items 10 to 16).
SPECIAL MYCOLOGY (item 17).
SPECIAL VIROLOGY (items 18 to 23).
In each topic, the main bacteria, fungi and viruses of veterinary interest are studied.

Units 24 and 25 have as objective, to know the effect of microorganisms on the environment that surrounds them (MICROBIAL ECOLOGY) as well as its importance in the field of INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY.


THEORY PROGRAM
The theory program will tackle along 54 hours by means of classes expositivas.

BLOCK I. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY. 28 HOURS

SUBJECT 1. Introduction to the microbiology. 1 HOUR
-HISTORY and FIELD OF THE MICROBIOLOGY: The discovery of the microorganisms. Pasteur and Koch. The birth of the farmacoterapia modern. Present and future of the microbiology.
-ORIGIN and MICROBIAL DIVERSIFICATION: Members of the microbial world.

GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY

SUBJECT 2. Structure and function of the cell bacteriana. 5 HOURS
-MICROSCOPY: Foundation and types. Tinctions
-SIZE, FORM and GROUPINGS BACTERIANAS.
-COMPONENTS OF THE STRUCTURE BACTERIANA
-CELLULAR WALL: Bacteria Gram positive, Gram negative and sour-resistant alcohol.
-PLASMA MEMBRANE and MESOSOMES.
-INTERNAL COMPONENTS: Nucleoide, ribosomes, cytoplasmic inclusions, endosporas.
-EXTERNAL STRUCTURES: Capsule and layers mucosas. Flagelos. Fimbrias And pili.

SUBJECT 3. Nutrition, crop, growth bacteriano and metabolism. 3 HOURS
-NUTRITION, CROP and GROWTH: Requests and nutritional categories. Bacteriological means and conditions fisico-chemical for the growth.
-METABOLISM and PRODUCTION OF ENERGY: Reactions of oxidation-reduction, conveyors of electrons and composed highly energetic. Bacteria quimioheterótrofas: aerobic breath and anaerobia. Fermentation. Energetic performances. Autotrophic bacteria: oxidation of inorganic compounds and photosynthesis.
-REPRODUCTION And GROWTH: Reproduction. Curve of growth bacteriano. Determination of the growth. Continuous crops.

SUBJECT 4. Genetic bacteriana. 4 HOURS
-STRUCTURE and FUNCTION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL: Review of concepts: nucleic acids. Replication, transcription and translation.
-REGULATION OF THE GENIC EXPRESSION: Repression and induction. The model of the operón: structure and operation.
-MUTATIONS: Types of mutations.
-TRANSFER and GENETIC RECOMBINATION: Plásmidos and transposones. Transformation, conjugation, and transducción.

MICOLOGIA GENERAL

SUBJECT 5. General mycology. 2 HOURS
-CONCEPT and FIELD OF STUDY OF THE MYCOLOGY: Habitat, ecological paper and importance of the funguses.
-CHARACTERISTIC OF THE FUNGUSES: Morphology and cellular structure. Yeasts and molds. Metabolism. Reproduction. Types of spores. Crop and identification. Mechanisms of pathogenic action. Micotoxinas. Classification of the funguses.

GENERAL VIROLOGY

SUBJECT 6. General virology. 4 HOURS
-CHARACTERISTIC GENERALS And STRUCTURE OF THE VIRUSES: Definition and properties of the viruses. Nature of the virión. Classification of the viruses. Isolation and identification.
-REPLICATION VÍRICA: Multiplication of bacteriófagos. Multiplication of animal viruses.
-VIRUSES and CANCER: Oncogenes.
-AGENTS INFECCIOSOS NO CONVENTIONAL: Viroids and Prions.

PATHOGENICITY And MICROBIAL CONTROL

SUBJECT 7. Pathogenicity and infection. 4 HOURS
-INTERACTION MICROORGANISM-HOSPEDADOR: beneficial Interactions. Harmful interactions. Infection of susceptible animals and factors that influence in the result of the interaction.
-STAGES OF THE INFECTION BACTERIANA: adherencia, multiplication, invasion and toxigénesis.
-PATHOGENIC PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUSES: Mechanisms virales for evadir the defences of the hospedador. Effects citopáticos.

SUBJECT 8. Control of microorganisms. 4 HOURS
-ANTIMICROBIAL CONTROL BY PHYSICAL METHODS: Sterilisation by heat. Sterilisation by radiation. Sterilisation by leak.
-ANTIMICROBAL CONTROL BY CHEMICAL METHODS: Agents chemists for external use: desinfectantes and antisépticos.
-ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS USED LIVE: Natural antibacterials (antibiotics) and synthetic: types, spectrum and mechanisms of action. Mechanisms of resistance to the antibacterianos. Antivíricos. Antifúngicos.

BACTERIAL SYSTEMATICS

SUBJECT 9. Bacterial systematics. 1 HOUR
-CLASSIFICATION: Phenotypic and genotypic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis. Ranges taxonómicos. Concept of species in microbiology.
-NOMENCLATURE: The International Code of Nomenclature Bacteriana.
-IDENTIFICATION And COLLECTIONS OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CROPS.

BLOCK II. SPECIAL MICROBIOLOGY. 26 HOURS

SPECIAL BACTERIOLOGY

SUBJECT 10. Coconuts Gram positive. Genders Staphylococcus, Streptococcus.1 HOUR

SUBJECT 11: Bacilluses Gram positive regular. 2 HOURS
Genus Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, Erysipelothrix and Mycoplasma.

SUBJECT 12. Bacilluses Gram positive irregular. 2 HOURS
Genus Streptomyces, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and Corynebacterium.

SUBJECT 13. Bacilluses Gram negative. 2 HOURS
- GAMMA-PROTEOBACTERIAS - FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE: Genus Escherichia, Salmonella, Yersinia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter And Proteus.

SUBJECT 14. Bacilluses Gram negative. 2 HOURS
-GAMMA-PROTEOBACTERIAS - FAMILIES NO ENTEROBACTERIACEAE: Genus Vibrio, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Pasteurella, Mannhemia, Haemophilus, Dichelobacter, Francisella and Coxiella.

SUBJECT 15. Bacilluses Gram negative. 2 HOURS
-ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIAS: Genus Brucella, Bartonella, Rickettsia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia,
-BETA-PROTEOBACTERIAS: Genus Burkholderia, Taylorella and Bordetella.
-DELTA-PROTEOBACTERIAS: Genus Lawsonia.
-EPSILON-PROTEOBACTERIAS: Genus Campylobacter.

SUBJECT 16. Bacteria Gram negative. 2 HOURS
NO PROTEOBACTERIAS: Genus Chlamydia, Borrelia, Leptospira, Brachyspira.


SPECIAL MYCOLOGY

SUBJECT 17. Main groups microscopic funguses of veterinary interest. 2 HOURS
-YEASTS: Genus Cándida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia.
-MOLDS CENOCITICOS: Mucor, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus, Basidiobolus, Conidiobolus and Saprolegnia.
-MOLDS SEPTADOS DERMATOFITOS: Genus Microsporum and Trichophyton.
-MOLDS SEPTADOS: Aspergillus.
-FUNGUSES DIMÓRFICOS: Genus Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Sporothrix.
-FUNGUSES THAT REMEMBER To PROTOZOONS: Genus Pneumocystis.


SPECIAL VIROLOGY

SUBJECT 18. Virus with DNA bicatenario. 2 HOURS
-FAMILY POXVIRIDAE: Virus of the viruela. Virus of the mixomatosis of the rabbit.
-FAMILY ASFARVIRIDAE: Virus of the African swine plague.
-FAMILY HERPESVIRIDAE: Virus of the illness of Aujeszky. Virus of the illness of Marek.
-FAMILY ADENOVIRIDAE: Virus of the hepatitis infecciosa canine.
-FAMILY PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE: Papilomavirus.

SUBJEC T 19. Virus with DNA monocatenario. 1 HOUR
-FAMILY CIRCOVIRIDAE: Circovirus swine. Virus of the anaemia infecciosa of the hen.
-FAMILY PARVOVIRIDAE: Virus of the panleucopenia feline. Parvovirus Canine 2. Parvovirus Swine.

SUBJECT 20. Virus with RNA bicatenario. 1 HOUR
-FAMILY REOVIRIDAE: Virus of the blue tongue. Virus of the plague equina African. Rotavirus.
-FAMILY BIRNAVIRIDAE: Virus of the bursitis infecciosa aviar (illness of Gumboro).

SUBJECT 21. Virus with RNA monocatenario of negative polarity. 2 HOURS
-FAMILY PARAMYXOVIRIDAE: Virus of the illness of Newcastle. Virus of the bovine plague. Virus of the moquillo canine.
-FAMILY RHABDOVIRIDAE: Virus of the anger. Virus of the estomatitis vesicular.
-FAMILY ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE: Influenzavirus (virus of the flu).
-FAMILY BUNYAVIRIDAE: Virus of the fever of the Valley of the Rift.
-FAMILY BORNAVIRIDAE: Virus of the illness of Borna.

SUBJECT 22. Virus with RNA monocatenario of positive polarity. 2 HOURS
-FAMILY CORONAVIRIDAE: Virus of the bronquitis infecciosa aviar. Virus of the gastroenteritis transmisible swine.
-FAMILY ARTERIVIRIDAE: Virus of the arteritis equina. Virus of the respiratory and reproductive syndrome swine.
-FAMILY PICORNAVIRIDAE: Virus of the fever aftosa. Teschovirus Swine 1 (encefalomielitis by Teschovirus).
-FAMILY CALICIVIRIDAE: Virus of the exantema vesicular of the pig. Virus of the illness hemorrágica of the rabbit.
-FAMILY TOGAVIRIDAE: Virus of the encefalitis equina (east and west).
-FAMILY FLAVIVIRIDAE: Virus of Nilo west. Virus of the diarrhoea vírica bovine.

SUBJECT 23. Virus DNA and RNA with transcriptasa reverse. 1 HOUR
-FAMILY RETROVIRIDAE (RNA monocatenario with positive polarity): Virus of the leucosis bovine. Virus of the arthritis-encefalitis caprina and of the Maedi-Visna. Virus of the anaemia infecciosa equina.
-FAMILY HEPADNAVIRIDAE (DNA circulate partially bicatenario): Virus of the hepatitis B.

SUBJECT 24. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY. 1 HOUR
Microbial Ecosystems and paper of the microorganisms in the biogeochemical cycles and in the biodegradation.

Subject 25. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY And BIOTECHNOLOGY. 1 HOUR
-Paper of the microorganisms in the production of the foods: Microorganisms of interest in the alimentary industry. Controls of hygienic quality of the foods. Systems of detection and control of critical points in the industry.
-Industrial production of chemical substances by fermentation. Production of antibiotics. Applications biotecnológicas in the pharmaceutical industry, of immunological compounds and of proteins with therapeutic ends. Cloning, recombination and expression of genes in microorganisms procariotas and eukaryotic.


B. PRACTICAL PROGRAM 20 HOURS
The practical program will tackle along 20 hours distributed in 5 sessions along a week (of Monday to Friday, at a rate of 4 daily hours).

INTRODUCTION. Norms of security in the laboratory of bacteriology: organisation and methodology of work.
PRACTICE 1. Methods of sterilisation in the laboratory of bacteriology.
PRACTICE 2. Microscopic techniques of observation of the microorganisms:
-Observation in fresco of eukaryotic cells
-Tinctions bacterianas: simple and differential
PRACTICAL 3. Means of crop: preparation and types.
PRACTICE 4. Techniques of seed and isolation bacteriano.
PRACTICE 5. Growth bacteriano: methods of quantification and curve of growth.
PRACTICE 6. Identification bacteriana by means of biochemical proofs.
PRACTICE 7. Clinical and environmental samples: collected, transport and processed.
PRACTICE 8. Antibiograms: Realisation, interpretation and election of the suitable antibiotic.
PRACTICE 9. Interpretation of results and preparation of reports.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE THEORETICAL PROGRAM:

BASIC:
-Carrasco L, Almendral Del Río JM. 2006. Virus Patógenos. Ed. Hélice.
-Gyles CL, Prescott JF, Songer JG, Thoen CO. 2010. Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals. Fourth Edition. Ed. Wiley-Blackwell.
-Madigan MT, Martinko JM. 2009. Brock Biología de los Microorganismos. 10ª Edición. Ed. Prentice-Hall International Ltd.
-Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA. 2009. Microbiología. 7ª Edición. Ed. McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
-Quinn PJ. 2016. Elementos de microbiología veterinaria. Ed. Acribia.
-Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Leonard FC, Fitzpatrick ES, Fanning S, Hartigan PJ. 2017. Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas Veterinarias. Ed. Acribia.
- Stanchi NO. 2007. Microbiología Veterinaria. Ed. Interamericana.

COMPLEMENTARY:
-Songer JG, Post KW. 2005.Veterinary Microbiology. Bacterial and fungal agents of animal disease. Elsevier Saunders.
-Tortora GJ, Funke BR, Case CL. 2007. Introducción a la Microbiología. 9ª Edición. Ed. Panamericana.
-Vadillo S, Píriz S, Mateos E. 2002. Manual de Microbiología Veterinaria. Ed. McGraw-Hill Interamericana.

BIBLIOGRAPHYOF PRACTICAL PROGRAM:
-Gamazo C, López-Goñi I, Díaz R. 2005. Manual Práctico de Microbiología. Ed. Masson.

PAGES WEB OF INTEREST:
-Bergey´s Manual Trust: http://www.bergeys.org/outlines.html
-International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses: http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp?version=2009&bhcp=1
-Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal: http://www.oie.int/
-ViralZone: http://viralzone.expasy.org/

1. GENERAL COMPETENCIES:

- GVUSC01. Ability to learn and adapt.
-GVUSC02. Capability for analysis and synthesis.
-GVUSC03. General knowledge of the working area.
-GVUSC04. Planning and work management.
-GVUSC05. Capability to put knowledge into practice.
-GVUSC06. Capability to work both independently and as part of a team.


2. DISCIPLINARY SPECIFIC COMPETENCIES (knowledge):

-CEDVUSC 06. Knowing the basics of the different biological agents of
veterinary interest.
-CEDVUSC 16. To know the basic analytical techniques and its interpretation.

3. SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES (expertise, day-one skills):

-D1VUSC 02. Collect and send specimens with the corresponding reports.
-D1VUSC 03. Perform standard laboratory tests, and interpret clinical, biological and chemical results

4. SPECIFIC ACADEMIC SKILLS (want to do):

- CEAVUSC 04. Search and manage information related to veterinary practice.
- CEAVUSC 05. Know and apply the scientific method in professional practice,
including evidence-based medicine.
- CEAVUSC 06. Knowing how to find professional help and advice.
- CEAVUSC 07. Have basic knowledge of a foreign language, especially in
technical aspects of veterinary science.
- CEAVUSC 08. Being aware of the need to keep professional skills and
knowledge up-to-date through a process of lifelong learning


5. TRANSVERSAL COMPETENCES

- CTVUSC 01. Capacity for reasoning and argument.
- CTVUSC 02. Ability to obtain adequate, diverse and updated information by
various means such as literature and Internet information, and critically analyze
it.
- CTVUSC 03. Ability to develop and present an organized and understandable
text.
- CTVUSC 04. Ability to make a clear, concise, and consistent public
presentation
- CTVUSC 06. Use information in a foreign language.
- CTVUSC 07. Ability to solve problems through the Integration and application
of knowledge.

The number of credits for the subject is 7.5 and the teaching of the subject will be carried out through different class modalities:

- Tutorials: 1 hour (Presentation).
- Expository classes: 54 hours.
- Laboratory practices: 20 hours.

- The contents of the Theoretical Program will be taught in 54 expository classes using Power Point presentations of approximately 50 minutes in length. The indicative teaching material presented in classes will be made available to students through the subject's Virtual Classroom.

- The contents of the practical classes will be taught in the LABORATORY ON THE SECOND FLOOR OF PAVILION 1 OF THE FACULTY OF VETERINARY, they will last 20 hours distributed from Monday to Friday from 4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. The students will be distributed into six groups ((CLIL-01 a CLIL-06). Attendance at the practical sessions is mandatory, and practice manuals are provided to follow the contents.

-Finally, each student individually will be able to contact the two professors responsible for teaching the subject to raise any question that they consider relevant and that may influence their training. Teachers will be available during their tutoring hours.

A. WRITTEN EVALUATION (EXAM).
The score corresponding to the written evaluation will account for 80% of the final grade. (8 POINTS).

The exam will be taken on the date and time agreed upon by the Faculty Board, in the classrooms reserved for this purpose. It may include multiple choice questions, true/false questions, short questions or development questions, all of them from the theoretical program.
To pass the exam it is necessary to achieve a minimum score of 5 out of 10 points (4 out of 8 points) IN EACH OF THE TWO PARTS INTO WHICH THE THEORETICAL PROGRAM OF THE SUBJECT IS DIVIDED. In the case of not exceeding this score or not taking the exam, the student will have to take the second opportunity to pass the subject.

B. CONTINUOUS EVALUATION
The score corresponding to the Continuous Assessment will account for 20% of the final grade. (2 POINTS) It will be assigned as follows:

B1. Optional periodic tests:
The score obtained in this section will represent 10% of the final grade (1 POINT).
There will be continuous monitoring throughout the semester of the acquisition of knowledge by carrying out 4-5 voluntary tests; They will ask multiple choice multiple choice questions or true/false questions.

B2. Attendance, completion and examination of laboratory practices:
Attendance, completion and passing the exam on the contents of the laboratory practices is mandatory to pass the subject.
The score obtained in this section will represent up to 10% of the final grade. (1 POINT).

The grade corresponding to the continuous evaluation will be saved for the second opportunity. If the subject is repeated, it will be saved during the two subsequent academic years (2025-26 and 2026-27).

VERY IMPORTANT:
Students who duly justify that they will not be able to attend theoretical classes during the semester will obtain a PARTIAL EXEMPTION. In this case the exam of the theoretical contents will represent 90% of the final grade and the attendance, completion and the practical exam will represent 10%.

“In cases of fraudulent completion of exercises or tests, the provisions of the “Regulations for evaluating the academic performance of students and reviewing grades” will apply.

PRESENTIAL WORK IN THE CLASSROOM:
- Master classes: 54 hours
- Laboratory practices: 20 hours
- Scheduled tutorials: 1 hour
- Total hours of face-to-face work: 75

STUDENT'S PERSONAL WORK:
- Individual study: 90 hours
- Bibliographic review, library, etc.: 9.5 hours
- Elaboration of memory of practices and other tasks: 3 hours
- Attendance at talks or other recommended activities: 3 hours
- Other tasks proposed by the teacher: 2 hours
- Realization of exams: 5 hours
- Total hours of personal work of the student: 112.5

TOTAL STUDENT HOURS: 187.5

It is very important that the student has a good foundation in the subjects taken in the first year of the Degree, Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, which is why a review of the concepts studied in them is recommended.

It is recommended that prior to attending the theoretical and practical classes, students do a comprehensive reading of the teaching material available in the virtual classroom. It is recommended that the student complete said guiding teaching material with the appropriate notes taken in class and with the reviewed bibliography.

Due to the length of the subject, continued study of it is necessary.

It is advisable that students take advantage of the hours of individual tutoring available to them to resolve any doubts that may arise throughout the semester.

For THEORY CLASSES, students will be divided into two groups, a teacher will be in charge of each group.

GROUP 1:
-Prof. Jesus Blanco Alvarez. Classroom 2

GROUP 2:
-Prof. Jorge Blanco Álvarez. Classroom 4.

All LABORATORY CLASSES will be taught by Professor Jesús Blanco Álvarez.

Throughout the semester, students may request individual tutorials to discuss with their professor any issue they consider necessary for the correct development of the course.

Individual tutoring schedules:

-Prof. Jesus Blanco Alvarez.
Tutorial hours: Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday from 12:00-14:00 p.m. in the office located on the first floor of Pavilion 1 of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.

- Prof. Jorge Blanco Álvarez
Tutorial hours: Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday from 12:00-14:00 p.m. in the office located on the second floor of Pavilion I of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.