General and Visual System Anatomy

To understand cell structure, embryonic development, and organogenesis, as well as the development of the visual system.
To identify, using macroscopic and microscopic methods, the morphology and structure of tissues, organs, and systems of the human body.
To know and describe, both macroscopically and microscopically, the structures that make up the visual system and ocular adnexa.
To understand the principles and foundations of the biological processes involved in the normal functioning of the visual system.
To recognize the eye as an optical system.

DIDACTIC UNIT I: GENERAL ANATOMY
Topic 1. Overview. Fundamental anatomical concepts: terminology, body systems, and ontogenic origin
Topic 2. Locomotor system: osteology, arthrology, and myology
Topic 3. Cardiovascular system: Heart anatomy. External and internal configuration and cardiac structure. Cardiac conduction system. Cardiac vascularization and innervation. Arterial, venous, and lymphatic systems
Topic 4. Respiratory system. Airways. Lungs and pleurae. Vascularization and innervation
Topic 5. Digestive system. Mouth. Pharynx. Esophagus. Stomach. Small intestine. Large intestine. Accessory glands: salivary glands, liver, bile ducts, pancreas. Spleen. Vascularization and innervation
Topic 6. Urinary system. Kidneys. Excretory pathways. Vascularization and innervation
Topic 7. Male and female genital systems
Topic 8. Nervous system I: general organization. Central and peripheral nervous systems. Somatic and autonomic (vegetative) nervous systems. Meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid. Blood-brain barrier
Topic 9. Nervous system II: Spinal cord. General organization. External morphology and internal structure. Roots and spinal nerves
Topic 10. Nervous system III: Brainstem. Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. Reticular formation and cranial nerves
Topic 11. Nervous system IV: Cerebellum. External morphology and deep cerebellar nuclei
Topic 12. Nervous system V: Brain. Diencephalon and Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex and Basal Ganglia
Topic 13. Nervous system VI: Ventricular system
Topic 14. Nervous system VII: Sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system

DIDACTIC UNIT: ANATOMY OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM
Topic 15. Overview of the anatomy of the eyeball. Embryonic development of the eyeball and adnexa. Congenital ocular anomalies
Topic 16. Overview of the skull. Topographic anatomy of the orbit: general morphology. Orbital anthropometry. Orbital walls. Base and apex
Topic 17. Eyeball. Fibrous tunic: Cornea, sclera, corneoscleral limbus
Topic 18. Eyeball. Uveal (muscle-vascular) tunic: choroid, ciliary body, and iris
Topic 19. Eyeball. Nervous tunic: Retina. Structure and functional anatomy. Retinal vascularization
Topic 20. Contents of the eyeball. Refractive media. Chambers of the Eyeball. Aqueous Humor. Lens. Vitreous Body. Functional anatomy.
Topic 21. Eyeball adnexa I. Extraocular muscles. Eye movements. Vascularization
Topic 22. Eyeball adnexa II: Conjunctiva. Eyelids. Eyebrows. Structure. Vascularization
Topic 23. Eyeball adnexa III: Lacrimal system: lacrimal gland and ducts. Vascularization
Topic 24. Innervation of the eyeball and adnexa. Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. Trigeminal nerve. Facial nerve. Clinical considerations
Topic 25. Visual pathway I: Overview. Optic nerve. Optic chiasm. Optic tract. Lateral geniculate body. Optic radiations
Topic 26. Visual pathway II: Cortical visual areas. Vascularization of the visual pathway. Clinical considerations
Topic 27. Autonomic ocular responses: ocular reflexes. Clinical aspects

PRACTICAL CLASSES
Overview of Splanchnology
Overview of the Nervous System
Skull and orbit
Anatomy of the eyeball.
Eyeball Appendages
Vascularization and Innervation of the Eyeball
Anatomy of the Visual Pathway

CORE BIBLIOGRAPHY
UNIT I: GENERAL ANATOMY
SUÁREZ QUINTANILLA JA, ITURRIETA ZUAZO I, RODRÍGUEZ PÉREZ AI ET AL. Anatomía humana para estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud. 2ª ed. Elsevier España, S.L.U.; 2020
Atlas de anatomía aconsejados
NETTER, F. H., Atlas de Anatomía Humana. 8ª ed. Elsevier España, S.L.U.; 2023. ISSN: 9788413823980

UNIT II: ANATOMY OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM
HAINES DE. Principios de Neurociencia. Aplicaciones básicas y clínicas. 5ª ed. Madrid: Elsevier Saunders; 2019. Acceso electrónico en ClinicalKey.
SNELL R. Neuroanatomía clínica. 8ª ed. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana; 2019.
BARRIO AND MURILLO. Órbita. Anatomía Seccional, macro y microscópica. Ed. Marbán, 2024

COMPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY
DRAKE RL, MITCHELL AMW, VOGL AW. GRAY Anatomía para estudiantes. 4a ed. Elsevier; 2020.
GARCÍA PORRERO JA, HURLE JM, JORGE BARREIRO FJ, QUINTANS RODRIGUEZ M. Anatomía humana (2ª ed). Ed. Medica Panamericana S.A., Madrid. ISBN: 9788491102106. 2019.
SCHUNKE M, SHULTE E, SHUMACHER U. Prometheus. Texto y Atlas de Anatomía. (5ª ed). Ed. Médica Panamericana, Madrid. ISBN: 978-84-9110-624-1 (Tomo 2); 978-84-9110-625-8 (Tomo 3). 2022.
FENEIS H, WOLFGANG D. Nomenclatura anatómica ilustrada. 11ª ed. Madrid: Elsevier; 2021.
MUÑOZ A, RODRÍGUEZ-PALLARES J, DÍAZ-RUIZ C. Morfoloxía externa do encéfalo e da medula espiñal. Santiago de Compostela: Servicio de Publicaciones e Intercambio científico; 2015. Acceso electrónico: https://www.usc.gal/libros/gl/medicina/214-morfoloxia-externa-do-encefa….
RODRÍGUEZ-PALLARES J, DÍAZ-RUIZ C, MUÑOZ A. Pares craniais. Santiago de Compostela: Servicio de Publicaciones e Intercambio científico; 2020. DOI:
https://dx.doi.org/10.15304/9788417595968.

ElECTRONIC RESOURCES AND WEBSITES.
Atlas 3D "Complete Anatomy". Elsevier.
Anatomía: bolígrafo de Juan y lápiz de Fernando. Enlace: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCitDdJrZjW4WhB8p9hgIz1A?app=desktop
eAnatomy. Anatomía del ojo: ilustraciones. Enlace: https://www.imaios.com/es/e-anatomy/cabeza-y-cuello/ojo

Knowledge
Con_4. To understand cellular structure, embryonic development, and organogenesis, as well as the development of the visual system.
Con_5. To identify the morphology and structure of tissues, organs, and human body systems using macroscopic and microscopic methods.
Con_6. To know and describe, both macroscopically and microscopically, the structures that make up the visual system and the ocular adnexa.
Con_9. To understand the principles and foundations of the biological processes involved in the normal functioning of the visual system.
Con_11. To recognize the eye as an optical system.

Competencies
Comp_1. Students should be able to gather and interpret relevant data in order to make judgments that include reflections on socially, scientifically, or ethically relevant topics.
Comp_3. Students should have developed the learning skills necessary to undertake further studies with a high degree of autonomy.
Comp_4. Students should be able to apply the theoretical and practical knowledge acquired during their degree in a professional manner, and be competent in problem-solving and in formulating and defending arguments in both academic and professional contexts related to Optics and Optometry.
Comp_5. Ability to learn autonomously, to work in a team, to manage time and resources effectively, and to acquire new knowledge and techniques in the fields of Optics and Optometry.

Skills and Abilities
HyD_1. Think in an integrated manner and approach problems from different perspectives using critical reasoning.
HyD_2. Organize and plan work effectively.
HyD_3. Interpret results and identify consistent and inconsistent elements.
HyD_4. Work collaboratively in teams.
HyD_5. Maintain ethical commitment, as well as a commitment to equality and inclusion.
HyD_8. Be able to analyze data and interpret experimental results in the fields of Optics and Optometry.
HyD_12. Handle basic laboratory equipment and techniques.

During the lecture sessions, the most important aspects of each topic will be highlighted, and bibliographic guidance will be provided. The following teaching resources will be used: a) presentation of the topics using PowerPoint slides; b) self-assessment quizzes available on the virtual campus; c) anatomical applications for computers and/or tablets, which are especially useful for developing a three-dimensional understanding of organs and their relationships; d) anatomical videos.
In the practical classes, students will study and identify program content using models, anatomical specimens, and cadavers, and will develop competencies related to skills and abilities (such as the recognition of structures and proper use of anatomical terminology, among others).

To assess students’ knowledge, skills, and competencies, the following will be carried out:
• A multiple-choice test with a single correct answer, which will account for 70–75% of the final grade.
• A practical exam, accounting for 15–20% of the final grade.
• Continuous assessment, contributing 5–10% of the final grade.
The continuous assessment grade will only be added if both the multiple-choice test and the practical exam are passed.
The multiple-choice test is considered passed with 50% net correct answers, provided that at least 30% net correct answers are achieved in each of the thematic units.
The practical exam is considered passed with 60% correct answers.
Attendance to practical classes is MANDATORY for final evaluation.
A minimum attendance rate of 80% is mandatory. Active attendance and participation, along with the completion of assigned exercises and activities, will be considered in the overall assessment. Instances of academic dishonesty in the completion of assessments or assignments will be subject to the provisions set forth in the Regulations for the Evaluation of Academic Performance and Grade Review (Resolution of June 15, 2011; Official Gazette of Galicia, July 21, 2011).

Lecture classes: 38 h
Practical classes: 14 h
Tutorials: 2 h
Exam: 3 h
Individual study: 93 h
Total: 150 h

Attendance and active participation in both theoretical and practical classes are strongly recommended, as well as daily review of the material covered, followed by self-assessment to ensure understanding. Regular reading of the corresponding textbook content and the use of tutorials to resolve doubts are also encouraged.
Students should focus on understanding the concepts explained and their possible application in the field of optics, rather than merely memorizing information. Therefore, it is advisable to create organized outlines that help establish connections between different concepts and areas of knowledge.

To make the most of the course, it is recommended that students have basic prior knowledge of cell biology, English skills for handling bibliography and learning resources, and competence in the use of information and communication technologies.
Students will have access to a virtual classroom for the course on the Moodle platform, which provides various resources and communication tools. In addition, Microsoft Teams and email may be used as channels for communication between instructors and students.