General Veterinary Anatomical Pathology

We expect the following objectives are reached by the students after studying General Veterinary Pathology:
- To know and distinguish a lesion from a post-mortem change.
- To know the most important groups of lesions (degenerative changes, circulatory disturbances, inflammations, pathology of growth and tumours) as well as the macroscopical and microscopical features that identify and differentiate these groups.
- To know the etiology and consequences of the different groups of lesions.
- To comprehend the pathogenesis of the different groups of lesions.
- To acquire a ground basis on the methodology of Veterinary Pathology; to know and use the vocabulary of histopathology to perform appropriate descriptions of the pathological changes.
- Uses his/her knowledge to reach an accurate morphopathological diagnose.

THEORETICAL CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL CONCEPTS
We will employ 2 hours of class to this chapter.
Lesson1. Pathological Anatomy in Veterinary Medicine. Concept. History. Division in General and Special Veterinary Pathology. Objectives. Methods: necropsy procedure, biopsy, cytology. Planning of the course. Bibliography.

CHAPTER 2: CELL INJURY, CELL GROWTH AND METABOLISM
We will employ 11 hours of class to this chapter.
Lesson 2. Basic terminology in Veterinary Pathology. Concept and types of lesion.
Lesson 3. Cell injury: causes, pathogenesis and morphology.
Lesson 4. Cell adaptation: autophagocytosis, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia and other concepts.
Lesson 5. Necrosis: morphology and evolution. Postmortem changes.
Lesson 6. Apoptosis: morphology, pathogenesis and importance.
Lesson 7. Disturbances in glycogen and fat metabolism.
Lesson 8. Disturbances of protein metabolism: hyalinosis, fibrinoid necrosis, amyloidosis, gout, disturbances in keratinisation.
Lesson 9. Pathologic pigmentation caused by haemoglobin derived pigments: porphyrins, haemosiderin, bilirubin. Pathologic pigmentation caused by melanin, lipofuscin. Exogenous pigments.
Lesson 10. Pathological calcification. Concretions (lithiasis): concept, types, pathogenesis and morphology. Pseudoconcretions.

CHAPTER 3: CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES
We will employ 7 hours of class to this chapter.
Lesson 11. Congestion and hyperemia: causes, pathogenesis, morphology and consequences.
Lesson 12. Haemorrhage: causes, pathogenesis, morphology, classification, evolution and consequences.
Lesson 13. Thrombosis: causes, pathogenesis, morphology, evolution and consequences.
Lesson 14. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). Shock: pathogenesis, morphology and evolution.
Lesson 15. Embolism: causes, pathogenesis, morphology and consequences.
Lesson 16. Ischaemia and infarct: concept, causes, pathogenesis, morphology, evolution and consequences.
Lesson 17. Edema: concept, causes, pathogenesis, localization and morphology.

CHAPTER 4: INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR
We will employ 9 hours of class to this chapter.
Lesson 18. Inflammation: concept, causes, classification.
Lesson 19. Inflammation: pathogenesis (1). Vascular changes and exudation in the acute inflammation, changes in blood flow and blood vessels permeability, leucocytes’ response: margination, adherence, cell adhesion molecules, chemotaxis, phagocytosis
Lesson 20. Inflammation: pathogenesis (2): Mediators in Inflammation. Cellular infiltrates during acute inflammation.
Lesson 21. Acute Inflammation: serous, catarrhal, fibrinous, haemorrhagic, suppurative, necrotizing, ichorous. Evolution of acute inflammation.
Lesson 22. Chronic Inflammation: granulomas.
Lesson 23. Repair and regeneration, pathology of repair: fibrosis, cirrhosis.

CHAPTER 5: DISTURBANCES OF GROWTH AND ONCOLOGY
We will employ 4 hours of class to this chapter.
Lesson 24. General disturbances of growth: Agenesis, aplasia, hipoplasia, Hamartoma, Choristoma.
Lesson 25. Neoplasia (I): concept, classification, nomenclature. The cancerous cell.
Lesson 26. Neoplasia (II): Benign versus Malignant Tumours. Morphology and Histologic diagnose of benign and malignant tumours.
Lesson 27. Neoplasia (III): Tumour stroma, blood supply, growth of cancers, invasion and metastasis.
Lesson 28. Neoplasia (IV): Causes of cancer: chemical carcinogenesis, physical carcinogenesis, retroviral oncogenes.

CHAPTER 6: IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
We will employ 2 hours of class to this chapter.
Lesson 29. Hypersensitivity reactions in domestic animals: concept, types, morphology, pathogenesis.
Lesson 30. Autoimmunity: morphology. Immunodeficiency Disease.

PRACTICAL CONTENTS
The theoretical contents are complemented with practical training. It’ll be carried out according to the following scheme:
- APX PE: Blackboard practicals (1 hour): basic diagnostic methods used in Pathology.
. APX C1: In the session seize organs from slaughterhouse (3 hours), the student will carry out the observation, description and morphopathological diagnosis of different types of lesions in organs seized at slaughterhouses.
-APX C2 to C6: At Basic Histopathology sessions (degenerative changes/circulatory disturbances, inflammation I, inflammation II and neoplasms) histological sections of selected real clinical cases, the most important group of each lesion, should be used. The student will try to resolve/diagnose these cases, and the specific questions asked in each one.
. APX C2: Degenerative changes/circulatory disturbances (3 hours): amyloidosis/hyalinosis, steatosis, jaundice, necrosis/apoptosis, passive and active congestion, bleeding, thrombosis, stroke, edema, shock.
. APX C3: Inflammation I (3 hours): fibrin-purulent, purulent, chronic non-purulent and hemorrhagic-necrotizing inflammation.
. APX C4: Inflammation II (3 hours): diffuse and multifocal granulomatous, pyogranulomatous and chronic purulent inflammation.
. APX C5: Neoplasms (3 hours): mesenchymal and epithelial benign and malignant tumors, mastocytoma/ histiocytoma.
. APX C6: “Mysterious cases” (3 hours): cytology and histopathology of the main groups of inflammations and neoplasms.
- APX S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5: Seminars (1 hour/seminar): description of injuries and resolution of clinical cases related to the contents of the previous lectures.

BASIC BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHEVILLE, N.F. (2006). Introduction to Veterinary Pathology. 3rd Edition. Blackwell Publishing. Ames. Iowa. USA.
MITCHELL, R.N. and others.(2017) Compendio de Robbins y Cotran: Patología Estructural y Funcional. 9th ed. Barcelona, España: Elsevier, Print. Available as an e-book at the USC Library.
TIZARD, I.R. (2018). Inmunología Veterinaria. 10ª edición. Elsevier. Available as an e-book at the USC Library.
ZACHARY, J.F. (2021). Pathologic basis of Veterinary Disease. 7th ed. Ed. Elsevier-Mosby, St. Louis. Missouri, USA. Available as an e-book at the USC Library (ISBN: 978-0-323-35775-3).
Atlas:
KLATT, E.C. (2007). Robbins y Cotran. Atlas de Anatomía Patológica. 1ª edición. Elsevier España. Madrid.
VAN DIJK, J.E., GRUYS, E., MOUWEN, J.M.V.M. (2007). Color atlas of veterinary pathology: general morphological reactions of organs and tissues. 2nd Edition. Saunders-Elsevier, Edinburgh.
Online resources:
• https://secure.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp
• http://people.upei.ca/lopez/
• http://people.upei.ca/hanna/
• http://people.upei.ca/smartinson/
• https://diogoguerra.com/resources-veterinary-pathology
• http://seapv.org/index.asp

COMPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY
COWELL, R. L. (2009) Diagnóstico citológico y hematológico del perro y el gato. Barcelona: Elsevier, Print. Available as an e-book at the USC Library.
DAY, M.J. & SCHULTZ, R.D. (2014). Veterinary Immunology. Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. Manson Publishing Ltd. London. UK.
DOMINGUEZ, J.C. (2011). Inspección ante mortem y post mortem en animales de producción. Patología y lesiones. Servet.
EURELL, J.A.C. (2004). Veterinary Histology. Teton New Media.
MEUTEN, D. J. (2017). Tumors in domestic animals. 5th Ed. Willey Blackwell.
SLAUSON D.O., COOPER B.J. (2002). Mechanisms of Disease. A Textbook of Comparative General Pathology 3rd edition. Ed. Mosby, St. Louis. Missouri.
THOMSON, R.G. (2001). Anatomía Patológica General Veterinaria. Acribia. Zaragoza.
Atlas:
BLOWEY, R.W., WEAVER D.A., BLOOD, D.C. (2006). Atlas a color de enfermedades y trastornos del ganado vacuno. 2nd edition. Madrid. Elsevier.
BUERGELT, C.D.; CLARK, E. G.; DEL PIERO, F (2018). Bovine Pathology: A Text and Color Atlas. Ed. CAB
FERGUSON, H.W. (2006). Systemic pathology of fish: A text and atlas of normal tissues in teleosts and their responses in disease. 2nd Ed., Scotian Press, London, UK.
FERRER, L.M., GARCÍA DE JALÓN, J.A. & DE LAS HERAS, M. (2002). Atlas de patología ovina. Servet.
HERENDA, D. (2019). Colour Atlas of Pig Pathology and Meat Inspection. 2nd Ed. Ed. Pristine Printing Inc
RASKIN, R. E.; & MEYER, D. (2009): Canine and Feline Cytology: A Color Atlas and Interpretation Guide. Saunders (2ª ed).
SMITH, W.J., TAYLOR, D.J. & PENNY, R.H.C. (1990). Atlas en color de patología porcina. Interamericana-McGraw-Hill. Madrid.
VEGAD, J.L. (2016). A Colour Atlas of Poultry Diseases. Ed. CBS Publishers & Distributors

Online resources:
• http://www.uco.es/organiza/departamentos/anatomia-y-anat-patologica/atl…
• https://www.fmv.ulisboa.pt/atlas/atlas.htm/
• http://partnersah.vet.cornell.edu/avian-atlas/
• http://fmstream.uab.es/cr-vet/necropsiaaus.html
• http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Enfermedades/
• https://davisthompsonfoundation.org/
• http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/pathterm2/menu.htm
• http://vetpath.wordpress.com/
• https://veterinariavirtual.uab.cat/archivopatologia/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ (scientific publications)

General competences
o GVUSC01. Capacity to learn and adapt.
o GVUSC02. Capacity to analyze and synthesize.
o GVUSC03. General knowledge of the field of work.
o GVUSC04. Planning and management of work.
o GVUSC05. Capacity to put knowledge onto practice.
o GVUSC06. Capacity to work both autonomously and in group.
o GVUSC09. Capacity to communicate in different spheres of activity.
o GVUSC10. Ethic compromise to assume responsibilities.

Specific competences of the subject (Knowledge):
o CEDVUSC 05. Basic and applied principles of the immune response.
o CEDVUSC 07. Knowledge of the disturbances of the structure and function of animal organism.

Specific competences of the profession (how to do, day-one skills):
o D1VUSC 02. Collect and ship samples with its report.
o D1VUSC 04. Diagnose the most common diseases by using those complementary diagnostic procedures and techniques.
o D1VUSC 12. Perform animal inspection ante and post mortem as well as inspection of foodstuff for human consumption.
o D1VUSC 17. Perform technical reports related to veterinarian competence.

Specific academic competences (will to do):
o CEAVUSC 01. Analyze, synthesize, solving of problems and taking of decisions in the different spheres of activity of veterinarians.
o CEAVUSC 02. Keep ethic behavior while exercising his/her responsibilities to the veterinary profession and the society.
o CEAVUSC 03. Spread the information reached while practicing as veterinarian in a fluent way, both orally and by writing, with other colleagues, authorities and the society
o CEAVUSC 04. Search and manage the information related to veterinary activity.
o CEAVUSC 05. Know and apply the scientific method while practicing, including evidence based medicine.
o CEAVUSC 06. Know how to look for professional help and advice.
o CEAVUSC 08. Be aware of the necessity to keep updating of knowledge, skills and professional competences by following continuing education.

Transversal competences:
o CTVUSC 01 Capacity to reason out and argue.
o CTVUSC 02 Capacity to obtain appropriate, diverse and updated information by the different media as bibliographic search by Internet, being able to analyze it with criticism.
o CTVUSC 03 Capacity to elaborate and present an organized and comprehensive text.
o CTVUSC 04 Capacity to expose to the public in a clear, consistent and concise way.
o CTVUSC 05 Ability to use ITs.
o CTVUSC 06 Use of information in a foreign language.
o CTVUSC 07 Capacity to solve problems by applying the integration of his/her knowledge.

Students will receive 3 lectures per week throughout the second semester of the course following the timetable approved by the Faculty Board. Lectures with ICT support and the systematic use of the Virtual Campus as support teaching.
The interactive sessions will include a blackboard practice (APX PE), 5 seminars (APX S1-S5), an observation of gross lesions of slaughterhouse pieces (APX C1), 5 programmed basic Histopathology practices (APX C2-C6), and a tutorial (APX T).

Each student should attend 6 different practical groups corresponding to sessions of 3 hours each:
1st: Seized organs from slaughterhouse -APX C1- (3 hours). This session will take place in the Necropsy Room (Pavilion 3); students must come with his/her personal thick latex gloves. In this session, students will work with fresh pieces seized in the slaughterhouse, with emphasis on the development of skills in describing the observed gross lesions and the drafting of the corresponding pathology report. The reports shall be orally and in writing presented and discussed with the teacher during that session, facilitating the involvement of all students. The C1 practice report will be delivered within 3 school days from the end of the practice.
2nd: Degenerative changes/circulatory disturbances -APX C2- (3 hours).
3rd: Inflammation I -APX C3- (3 hours).
4th: Inflammation II -APX C4- (3 hours).
5th: Neoplasms -APX C5- (3 hours).
6th: “Mysterious cases” -APX C6- (3 hours).
These 5 practicals (C2-C6) on Clinic Histopathology will take place in the Microscopy Room (pavilion 3). In these 5 sessions, theoretical contents of the subject will be illustrated and complemented, so it is advisable that they have studied the basic concepts related to the practice. For this purpose, actual pathologic-clinical cases will be studied in order to gain a clear understanding of the morphological characters used for identification and differentiation of the major groups of lesions, using appropriate terminology to describe, and the suitable language of histopathology. In the session “Mysterious cases” will work with cytologies and will correlate with their corresponding histopathological preparations for the acquisition of basic skills for clinical cytology diagnosis.
Moreover, students will have a blackboard practical session (APX PE) where the basic diagnostic methods used in Pathology will be introduced.
In the 5 seminars (APX S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5) the students will perform the description of lesions and the resolution of clinical cases related to the contents of the previous lectures.
Tutoring (APX T) will be used to resolve any doubts that the student may have about the subject, as well as for the evaluation of how the course was. It will take place in the Microscopy Room (pavilion 3).
All student’s tasks (self-study, homework, readings…) will be tutored by the teaching staff during the face-to-face or virtual tutorials.
Each student should apply under his/her convenience, to any of the groups of practicals offered by the USC virtual campus.
The basic biosecurity standards the students must meet in the campus are listed in the virtual classroom and at the entrance of the practice room; any doubts about them will be resolved by the teachers.
For self-study, each student will be able to use the recommended bibliography and any other material collected during the lectures and practical sessions.

The evaluation of the students will include the continuous evaluation and the final evaluation of the theoretical-practical knowledge.
-The continuous evaluation of the student will account for 50% of the final grade and will consist of 2 parts:
1.- Continuous evaluation during lectures and seminars (up to 20% of the final mark): It will be based on different tests (face-to-face or online), pro-active participation and homework guided through the USC virtual campus. Most of them will be carried out within the hours of teaching activity. Some asynchronous activity may be proposed through the virtual campus, once each thematic block is finished, but always with a long delivery period.2.- Continuous evaluation of practicals (up to 30% of the final mark): During the development of the 6 practical sessions, student attitude, pro-active participation, skills and learning will be evaluated continuously through a rubric system. Important: Minimum score to approve: 5 points over 10 or 1,5 over 3.
Attendance to practicals and scheduled seminars is compulsory and the evaluation system is based in continuous assessment, so class attendance waiver does not apply.
- Final evaluation of lectures and practicals will account up to 50% of the final mark: Theoretical and practical in-classroom exam: will consist of a written exam about theoretical issues and practical cases based on multiple choice tests, short answer test and, assay test that may use slides, ppt presentations, etc. The final exam will be compulsory and complementary to the continuous evaluation. It is necessary to obtain a minimum of 5 points (out or 10) to proceed to calculate the finalaverage mark. In this case, the note of the continuous evaluation will be added. If the final exam is not passed, the grade that will be applied will be theone obtained in this exam, relativized to ten and the sum with the other grades (continuous evaluation) will not be made .


FINAL MARK= (Mark for theory and practicals x 0,5) + (Mark for continuous assessment x 0,5)

Attendance to practicals is compulsory and the evaluation system is based on continuous assessment, so class attendance waiver does not apply. Students who repeat the subject for the first time will be able to keep, only during this academic year, the continuous evaluation mark (of the practices and of the expository sessions and seminars) of the previous course.

In case of plagiarism, fraud or improper use of technologies for the realization of the different tests and/or exercises, the provisions in the article 16 of the “Normativa de avaliación do rendemento académico dos estudantes e de revisión de cualificacións” will apply

FRONTAL HOURS:
Lectures: 35 hours
Blackboard practicals: 1 hour
Seminars: 5 hours
Clinical practicals: 18 hours
Tutorial: 1 hour

Total hours of face-to-face work: 60 hours

NON FRONTAL HOURS:
Self study: 63 hours
Bibliography review: 4 hours
Clinical cases solving: 18 hours
Teacher proposed tasks: 3 hours
Time allotted to seat the exams: 2 hours

Total hours of student personal work: 90 hours

Total student work: 150 hours.

In General Veterinary Pathology the teaching staff use regularly the USC virtual campus so we strongly recommend our students to pay attention to all the possible modifications published during the course.
We strongly recommend the student:
- To attend lectures, practicals and tutorials.
- To use all the materials provided by the teacher as a study guide.
- To use the recommended bibliography: text books, atlas, web sites, scientific papers…

The use of internet resources is recommended both basic and complementary specified in the Bibliography section, as well as that electronic access bibliography available at the USC Library “A BUSC EN LIÑA” https://busconline.gal. Also, through Portico (http://sfx.bugalicia.org/san/az) and EZproxy (https://www.usc.gal/gl/servizos/biblioteca/utilidades/ezproxy.html), searchs for scientific journals and electronic books can be performed (with USC credentials).
For specific topics, teachers will provide open access articles or recommend the search through PubMed or Google Scholar.