Special Veterinary Anatomical Pathology I

The specific objectives of the Special Veterinary Pathology 1 are:
1) Knowledge the meaning and application of Pathology in Veterinary and the pathologic method.
2) Knowledge the lesions affecting the circulatory system and lymphoid, respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts, using accurate and appropriate terminology.
3) To understand the cause of the injuries affecting these organ and systems, their pathogenesis and its relationship to the symptoms observed in the animal.
4) Learn the art of the autopsy in different domestic species, being able to differentiate lesions and postmortem changes, and take appropriate samples for both histopathologic and bacteriological, parasitological, virological, toxicological and serological analysis.
5) Be able to relate the lesions observed at necropsy with the most common diseases in domestic animals.
6) Know draft autopsy reports, which should include an adequate description of the lesions observed and make a pathologic diagnosis.
7) Know and apply knowledge relating to other matters, valuing the importance of the subject within the Bachelor in Veterinary Science.
8) Know and use the literature.

Along with the specific objectives of the subject, students must learn a set of values and acquire a number of general capabilities
1) Acquire capacity for learning, adaptation, analysis, synthesis and work planning.
2) Be able to apply the acquired knowledge to practical problem solving.
3) Be able to work independently and in multidisciplinary teams to promote the use of existing information sources.
4) Be aware of the need to maintain current knowledge, skills and attitudes through a process of lifelong learning.
5) Getting closer to the realities of the profession and enhance the interdisciplinary vision of the problems they will face.
6) Be aware of the acquisition of an ethical commitment and accountability.

CHAPTER 1: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
We will employ 7 hours of class to this chapter
Lesson 1. Morphopathology and mechanisms of response to microbial insults. Nasal cavity and nasal sinuses. Examination. Congenital anomalies. Circulatory disturbances: congestion, hyperaemia, haemorrhage. Rhinitis, sinusitis: types and morphology. Parasitic diseases. Tumours.
Lesson 2. Pharynx, guttural pouches, larynx and trachea: malformations, paralysis, haemorrhage, oedema, Inflammation. Parasitic diseases. Tumours.
Lesson 3. Lungs (I): Species differences. Bronchus and bronchioles lesions: bronchitis, bonchiolitis and bronchiectasis. Congenital anomalies. Metabolic disturbances: pigmentations and pulmonary calcification (calcinosis).
Lesson 4. Lungs (II): Abnomalities of inflation: Atelectasis and emphysema. Circulatory disturbances: congestion, hyperaemia, haemorrhage, oedema, embolisms and infarcts.
Lesson 5. Pneumonia: classification, pathogenesis, phases and evolution. Bronchopneumonia. Interstitial Pneumonia: Pathogenesis, phases. Embolic pneumonia. Granulomatous pneumonia. Parasitic diseases.
Lesson 6. Pneumonias in domestic animals. Tumours.
Lesson 7. Pathology of pleura and thoracic cavity: pleural calcification, abnormal contents, inflammation, tumours.

CHAPTER 2: ALIMENTARY SYSTEM, LIVER, EXOCRINE PANCREAS AND PERITONEUM
We will employ 9 hours of class to this chapter
Lesson 8. Defensive mechanisms of the alimentary system. Oral cavity and pharynx. Congenital anomalies. Circulatory disturbances. Stomatitis and gingiivtis. Hyperplasia and neoplasias.
Lesson 9. Salivary glands: sialoliths, ranula, sialoadenitis, neoplasias. Teeth and dental alveoli: malocclusion, developmental disturbances, pigmentations, periodontal disease. Neoplasias. Tonsils. Inflammations. Hyperplasia. Tumours. Esophagus. Megaesophagus. Parasitic diseases. Idiopathic muscular hypertrophy. Dilation of esophageal glands. Choke. Esophagitis. Neoplasias. Crop. Inflammation.
Lesson 10. Forestomachs: Examination and postmortem changes. Acidosis. Bloat. Parakeratosis. Foreign bodies.Ruminal parasitism. Neoplasias. Stomach and abomasum: Examination and postmortem changes, dilation and displacement, rupture, foreign bodies, ulcers, circulatory disturbances, gastritis, neoplasias. Gizzard.
Lesson 11. Intestine. Postmortem changes. Malformations. Intestinal transit faillure: obstruction, oclusion and paralytic ileus. Intestinal emphysema.Enteritis: catarrhal, fibrinous, haemorrhagic, granulomatous.
Lesson 12. Enteritis of domestic animals. Tumours.
Lesson 13. Liver I. Structure and function. Portals of entry and defense mechanisms. Hepatocelllular necrosis and degeneration. Morphology of hepatic injury: patterns of cell death in the liver. Hepatic faillure. Postmortem changes. Malformations. Pigmentations. Circulatory disturbances.
Lesson 14. Liver II. Metabolic disturbances. Hepatosis dietetica. Hepatitis: viral, bacterial, parasitic hepatitis. Hyperplasia. Neoplasias.
Lesson 15. Gallbladder and biliary ducts. Lithiasis. Inflammation. Exocrine pancreas. Postmortem changes. Malformations. Necrosis. Pancreatitis. Neoplasias. Peritoneum. Abnormal contents. Peritonitis. Neoplasias.

CHAPTER 3: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
We will employ 4 hours of class to this chapter
Lesson 16. Heart: oraz�n. Postmortem changes. Malformations. Pericardial disease. Non inflammatory lesions: hydropericardium, hemopericardium, circulatory disturbances. Pigmentations. Pericarditis. Tumours.
Lesson 17. Miocardial disease. Cardiomyopathies. Distrophies. Disciclies. Inflammation.
Lesson 18. Endocardial disease.Distrophies. Disciclies. Inflammations. Cardiac neoplasias. Cardiac parasitic diseases
Lesson 19. Blood and lymphatic vascular systems. Aneurisms and ruptures. Distrophies. Disciclies. Inflammations. Neoplasias. Vascular system parasitic diseases.

CHAPTER 4: URINARY SYSTEM
We will employ 3 hours of class to this chapter
Lesson 20. Kidney(I). Postmortem changes. Malformations. Circulatory disturbances: Hyperaemia, haemorrhage, infarcts. Degenerative changes.
Lesson 21. Kidney (II). Nephritis: Glomerulonephritis. Interstitial Nephritis: classification and consequences. Nephritis granulomatosas. Renal sclerosis. Renal failure and uremia.
Lesson 22. Urinary tract: Hydronephrosis. Urolithiasis Inflammations. Tumours. Parasitic diseases.

CHAPTER 5: LYMPHOHEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM
We will employ 5 hours of class to this chapter
Lesson 23. Bone marrow. Sampling and exam indications. Quantitative disorders, anemia, leukemia. Macroscopic disturbances.
Lesson 24. Disorders of the thymus. Development disturbances. Response of thymus to inflammation. Neoplasias. Bursitis. Disorders of the spleen: atrophy and malformations. Splenomegaly and rupture. Metabolic changes. Circulatory disturbances. Inflammations. Neoplasias.
Lesson 25. Disturbances of lymph nodes and GALT. Metabolic disturbances. Circulatory disturbances. Hyperplasia. Lymphadenitis. Parasitic diseases.
Lesson 26. Lymphomas. Macroscopic appearance. Cytology and Histology. Lymphomas in domestic animals.

CONTENT OF PRACTICAL CLASSES
To learn the art of necropsy
To learn to distinguish the healthy from the pathological and postmortem changes
Learning to draw and to describe pathology reports
To learn how to make a correct sampling

The practical classes will take place in the necropsy room located on the upper ground floor of pavilion 3. All the practices will begin at 10 a.m. and there will be two rotations:
The first rotation (APEV I C1) will be 3 days. The first day will end at 1:00 p.m. and the remaining two at 1:30 p.m.
The second rotation (APEV I C2) will be 2 days, from 10:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.

Basic bibliography
TEXTS
- JUBB, K.V.F.; KENNEDY, P.C. & PALMER,N. (2016). 3 tomos. Pathology of Domestic Animals. Ed. M Grant Maxie. 6th ed. Ed. Saunders Elsevier.
- MEUTEN, D. J. (2002). Tumors in domestic animals. 4th ed. Iowa State Press.
- ZACHARY, J.F. (2017). Pathological basis of Veterinary Disease. 5th ed. Ed. Elsevier-Mosby, St. Louis. Missouri, USA.


ATLAS
- BUERGELT, C. D.; CLARK, E. G.; DEL PIERO, F. (2017). Bovine Pathology. A text and color atlas. Ed Cabi, Boston, USA.
- BLOWEY, R.W. & WEAVER D.A. (2003). 2nd edition. Color Atlas of Diseases and disorders of Cattle. Mosby, London.
- FERRER, ESMAEILI, LACASTA & RAMOS (2023) Atlas of sheep and goat diseases. dr Herriot
- HERENDA, D. C.; & FRANCO, D. A. (1999): Poultry Diseases and Meat Hygiene: A Color Atlas. Wiley-Blackwell
- LINKLATER, K.A. & SMITH, M.C. (1993). Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of the Sheep and Goat. WOLFE PUBLISING. England.
- MOUWEN, J.M.V.M. & GROOT, E.C.B.M. (1982). A color atlas of veterinary pathology. Wolfe Medical Publications LTD.
- RANDALL, C.J. (1989). Atlas en color das enfermidades das aves domésticas e de corral. INTERAMERICANA-McGRAW-HILL. Madrid.
- RANDALL, C.J. (1996). 2nd edition. A Colour Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of Domestic Fowl and Turkey. Mosby, London.
- RASKIN, R. E.; & MEYER, D. (2009): Canine and Feline Cytology: A Color Atlas and Interpretation Guide. Saunders (2ª ed).
- SMITH, W.J., TAYLOR, D.J. & PENNY, R.H.C. (1990). Atlas en color de patología porcina. INTERAMERICANA McGRAW-HILL. Madrid.
- VAN DIJK. J. E.; GRUYS, E.; & MOUWEN, J. (2007): Color Atlas of Veterinary Pathology: General Morphological Reactions of Organs and Tissues. Saunders.

INTERNET RESOURCES
- http://seapv.org/index.asp
- http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/
- http://www.uco.es/organiza/departamentos/anatomia-y-anat-patologica/atl…
- http://www3.unileon.es/personal/wwdmavpp/Casos2002.htm
- http://atlas.fmv.utl.pt/atlas/intro_geral.htm
- http://people.upei.ca/lopez/
- http://www.uch.ceu.es/anatomia_patologica/
- http://www.path.uiowa.edu/cgi-bin-pub/vs/cancer_pathology/ca_pathology…

Complementary bibliography
- DAHME, E. & WEISS, E. (1989). Anatom�a Patol�xica Especial Veterinaria. Ed. ACRIBIA, S.A. Zaragoza.
- JONES, T.C., HUNT, R.D. KING, N.W. (1997). Veterinary Pathology. 6th Edition. Ed. WILLIAMS & WILKINS. Baltimore. USA.

We recommend the use of the internet resources specified in the Bibliography section, as well as the electronic access bibliography available in the USC Library "A BUSC en liña" (https://busconline.gal). Also, through http://sfx.bugalicia.org/san/az and EZproxy (https://www.usc.gal/gl/servizos/biblioteca/utilidades/ezproxy.html), managed by BUGalicia , you can search for scientific journals and electronic books (with USC credentials). For specific topics, teachers can provide open access articles or recommend searching through PubMed or Google Schoolar.
Specifically, both the Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer and the Zachary are available online.

GENERAL COMPETENCIES
GVUSC01. Ability to learn and adapt.
GVUSC02. Capacity for analysis and synthesis.
GVUSC03. General knowledge of the work area.
GVUSC04. Planning and management of work.
GVUSC05. Ability to apply knowledge in practice.
GVUSC06. Ability to work independently and in teams.
GVUSC09. Ability to communicate in different areas.
GVUSC10. Ethical commitment and accountability.

SPECIFIC COMPETENCIES OF THE SUBJECT

CEDVUSC05. Basic and applied principles of the immune response.
CEDVUSC07. Knowledge of alterations in the structure and function of the animal organism.
CEDVUSC08. Knowledge and diagnosis of various animal diseases, individual and collective, and its prevention, with special emphasis on zoonoses and OIE listed diseases.

SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES (HOW TO DO, DAY-ONE SKILLS)

D1VUSC02. Collect and send specimens with the corresponding reports.
D1VUSC04. Diagnose the most common diseases, using protocols and additional diagnostic techniques.
D1VUSC12. Perform the inspection of animals ante and postmortem and of foodstuff for human consumption.
D1VUSC17. Perform technical reports specific of veterinary profession.

SPECIFIC ACADEMIC COMPETENCIES (WILL TO DO) FOR ALL PROFILES

CEAVUSC01. Analyze, synthesize, solve problems and make decisions in the fields of veterinary profession.
CEAVUSC02. Maintain ethical conduct in the exercise of its responsibilities to the veterinary profession and society.
CEAVUSC03. Disclose information obtained during his/her work as veterinarians, oral and written, with colleagues, authorities and society in general.
CEAVUSC04. Find and manage information related to the activity of the veterinarian.
CEAVUSC 05. Know and apply the scientific method in professional practice including evidence-based medicine.
CEAVUSC06. Knowing how to find professional advice and assistance.
CEAVUSC07. Basic knowledge of a foreign language, especially in technical aspects of veterinary science.
CEAVUSC08. Being aware of the need to maintain current professional knowledge, skills and attitudes through a process of lifelong learning.

GENERAL PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES

CTVUSC01 Capacity for reasoning and argumentation.
CTVUSC02 Ability to obtain adequate information, diverse and updated by various means such as bibliographic information and the Internet, and analyze it critically.
CTVUSC03 Ability to develop and present an organized and understandable text.
CTVUSC04 Ability to perform a public address in a clear, coherent and concise way.
CTVUSC05 Ability to use ITs.
CTVUSC06 Use of information in a foreign language.
CTVUSC07 Ability to solve problems through the integrated application of his/her knowledge.

This subject, as you can see, includes organic systems with more weight in the Special Pathology. That is why the lectures include most of the student contact hours with 28 hours in the classroom. These hours are divided into 2 or 3 hours a week throughout the semester. However, these classes will not be purely theoretical, they are always based on the projection of images of lesions.

The biosafety protocols published on the virtual campus are mandatory. Besides performing the necropsies during practicals we also use seized organs from slaughterhouse, which provide students the approach to major lesions in livestock. At the end of practicals, students must submit a pathology report of the necropsy they have made, what will help them to learn not only how to prepare these reports, by gathering all the information obtained from medical records and necropsy, but also to describe what they see.
Moreover, in some cases students must resolve cases that they have experienced, going to the literature.
At the first of the semester students will be explained in detail the technique of necropsy. Likewise students have to take 1 hour of tutoring in small groups at the end of the semester. This tutorial will serve to review and solve those problems arisen during the study of the subject.
Finally, although the classes are face-to-face, Virtual Campus is an important platform to support the teaching, where different cases will be proposed to work on as well as tests and self-assessments that will facilitate the study of the subject.

Theoretical mark of the course will account for 80% of the final grade. The evaluation of the theoretical contents will take place as follows:

- Continuous assessment of students work by using different tests with the aim of reinforcing what has been learned and motivating the study throughout the trimester. According to the instructions received, when these tests are performed synchronously they will be performed in the classroom and only tests performed asynchronously will be outside the classroom. In general, there will be a test at the end of each thematic block. This continuous assessment will account for 30% of the total theoretical mark. Repeaters will have to take these tests again, since it will allow them to advance in the overcoming of the subject.

- Theoretical Examination: The theoretical examinations consist in responding to questions on the lectures content through multiple choice tests, short and or assay questions using the appropriate media. To pass the course the student must pass first the theoretical exam. The theoretical exam will account for 70% of the total theoretical mark.

The assessment of practical contents will take place on an ongoing basis taking into account factors such as attention, dedication, participation, skills and student learning in addition to the pathology reports. Practicals assessment will account for 20% of the final grade of the subject. To pass the course the student must attend the practicals and be assessed positively.
Mark of the practical test will be valid the following course if that is over 6.

A partial exemption of class attendance may be granted, based on Instruction No. 1/2017 of the General Secretary. In this way, the students to whom it is granted will not have the obligation to attend the expository classes, but the obligation to attend the clinical practices is maintained, as it is necessary to attend them in person.
The evaluation system for the activities for which the partial exemption is granted will be the same as for the rest of the students and the continuous evaluation will be carried out online.

Unfortunately, at the present time, fraud when taking exams and different tests are the order of the day, without the students who carry it out feeling guilty or doing something wrong. It is the intention of the teaching staff to actively pursue these attitudes to achieve greater justice in the grades. In the case of plagiarism, fraud or improper use of technologies during the performance of the different tests (face-to-face and telematic), the provisions of the “Regulation of assessment of academic performance to students and of review of qualifications” will apply.

THE IN-CLASSROOM WORKLOAD OF THE STUDENT:

Lectures: 28 hours
Practical classes: 15 hours
Blackboard practices: 1 hour
Tutoring in small groups: 1 hour


SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL STUDY OF THE STUDENT:

Individual study: 40 hours
Preparation of work: 5 hours
Literature review, library, etc..: 2 hours
Resolution of cases / problems: 6 hours
Preparation of practical reports: 5 hours
Other tasks proposed by the teacher: 7,5 hours

Examinations: 2 hours


Total hours of in-classroom workload (No. 10x ECTS): 45

Total hours of self-direct learning and individual study (No. 15x ECTS): 67.5

TOTAL STUDENT HOURS: 112.5

It is very convenient to have taken previously Veterinary Anatomy I and II, Veterinary Physiology I and II and Veterinary Cytology and Histology for prior knowledge of the structure and normal function of tissues and organs, as a step to understand the injuries and their functional consequences in the sick animal, as well as the General Veterinary Pathology, which will provide the basis for the mechanisms involved in the development of different types of injuries, the causes that produce them and the consequences thereof. Since many research articles and books recommended in the bibliography are in English, we strongly recommend an acceptable level in this language.

To maximize the study of Special Veterinary Pathology II we recommend the student:
- Regular attendance to lectures.
- Use of the materials provided by teachers as a study guide: outlines, notes, CD images, virtual images (Blackboard, etc.), specially noncomputable tests in USC virtual
- Use of recommended learning resources: textbooks, atlas, Web pages ...
- Regular use of the tutorials.
- Constant study throughout the semester, facilitated by continuous assessment tests